Desire for Greener Land

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Dryland watershed management approach Tunisia Integrated land and water management approach, including vegetative, management, and agronomic measures. Aim / objectives: The overall purpose of the approach is to prevent soil and water loss by combined measures and to provide a better environment. Soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies, based on harvesting area of surface water and underground water, are implemented to conserve soil and water and to improve the production and the biodiversity. Methods: This approach is designed for the exploitation of water runoff for agricultural development, particularly for fruit trees cropping (mainly olives). This can be achieved through erosion reduction and aquifer recharge via runoff water infiltration into the terraces, slope angle and length reduction, runoff retaining, infiltration increase and soil loss reduction. The system is based on various runoff water harvesting systems, as jessour, tabias. It is marked by fruit tree development, notably olives. On the terraces, the fruit trees are arranged in inter-rows with the three main species encountered in the study areas. Generally, olive trees are planted, with in between rows almonds and/ or fig trees. SWC technologies play an importance role in arid zones. Since the 1970s, the Tunisian state has encouraged the local population to conserve water and soil in arid zone. Successive programmes and strategies of water and soil conservation have been developed and were implemented in all three natural regions of Tunisia (North, Centre and South).These techniques can be implemented by farmer with governmental subsidies or by government intervention in the projects and programmes of water and soil conservation. During the last decade, the Tunisian government implemented the first national strategy for soil and water conservation (1990-2000) and the second national strategy for soil and water conservation (2001- 2011). These strategies mobilized important funds at national and regional levels. About 672.5 ha of SWC technologies were built and about 550 ha of SWC technologies are planned for the second national strategy. Stages of implementation: 1) Assessment of the current natural resources and socioeconomic conditions; 2) Proposition of actions at local and regional level; 3) Aggregation and coherence at the national level; 4) implementation of national action plan at local and regional level. Role of stakeholders: Different levels of intervention are observed from the individual farm, through the community level, the extension / advisory system, the regional or national administration, or the policy level, to the international framework. The participative approach is usually applied in the construction of SWC technologies. SLM Approach: Dryland watershed management approach, Tunisia DESIRE – WOCAT 2012 Above left: Stakeholders discussing in the field various aspects of SLM approach. (Photo: Cyprien Hauser). Above right: The system is based on various runoff water harvesting systems, as jessour, tabias. (Photo: Mongi Sghaier). Location: Oum Zessar Watershed, South-east of Tunisia Approach area: 350 km 2 Type of Approach: recent initiative / innovative Focus: on conservation only WOCAT database reference: QA TUN09 on cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQA DESIRE site information: www.desirehis.eu/en/zeuss-koutine-tunisia Related technologies: Rangeland resting (QT TUN11), Gabion check dams (QT TUN10), Jessour (QT TUN09) Compiled by: Mongi Sghaier, Mohamed Ouessar, Mongi Ben Zaied, Naceur Mahdi, IRA, Tunisia Date: 9 th Jun 2009, updated Sep 2011 225
Problem, objectives and constraints Problems: The problems originate in the scarcity of water which is leading to conflicts over resource use between farmers. Oversized techniques leading to prevention of runoff from upstream to downstream reduce agricultural production and therefore the farm income, which causes a lack of cash to invest in SLM. In some cases irreversible land degradation is the result. The problems are mainly related to the lack of technical knowledge, the high costs of investment and the lack of tangible and assessable impacts of SWC activities, technically or socially. Aims / Objectives: The objectives of the approach are to control soil and water loss to reduce floods and enhance fertility, to enhance rainfed agriculture productivity, to improve the livelihoods of farmers, to contribute to the production increase among farmers and pastoralists, to recharge the groundwater and to extend the area of cropland. Constraints addressed Constraints Treatments Financial High cost investment Public projects (National strategy of SWC), subsidies Institutional Land fragmentation, complexity of land tenure Users organization, participation Technical Designing parameters Training , enhancing SWC specialists guidance Participation and decision making Stakeholders / target groups Approach costs met by: International 20% Government 55% Local community / land user(s) 20% National non-government 5% land users, individual and groups SLM specialists / agricultural advisors planners Total 100% Total budget: US$ 10,000 - 100,000 Decisions on choice of the Technology (ies): mainly by land users supported by SLM specialists Decisions on method of implementing the Technology(ies): mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users Approach designed by: national specialists, international specialists, land users Implementing bodies: government, local community / land users Land user involvement Phase Involvement Activities Initiation/motivation Interactive Planning Interactive Implementation Payment/extern al support Farmers and local population are very familiar with traditional SWC applied. Therefore the receptiveness to these techniques is very high. There is state encouragement through subsidies. Workshops/seminars; After a programme is granted, the implementing agency and local communities work together. Responsibilities are divided into major steps; In practice, local communities are the major part to manage and carry out. Monitoring/evaluation Interactive Participative evaluation; Interviews/questionnaires. Research Interactive It can give some suggestions or questionnaires. Differences between participation of men and women: These are moderate. Special attention has been paid to make women participate in the approach. Nevertheless, men have much more technical knowledge and skills than women. If SWC technologies have to be constructed by manual labour, men can achieve more. Involvement of disadvantaged groups: Yes, great Poor and old people are especially involved through their participation in the special programme against unemployment in rural area. Some unemployed young people may benefit from agricultural development programmes. 226 DESIRE – WOCAT Desire for Greener Land
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Desire for Greener Land Options for
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DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener L
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Co-published by University of Bern,
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Cross-slope barriers Progressive be
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The present DESIRE publication desc
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Contributing authors and DESIRE con
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Desire for Greener Land - Options f
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XIV DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Green
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Figure 1: Desertification vulnerabi
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In DESIRE, WOCAT methods and tools
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Part 1
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8 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener
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Figure 1: Methodological framework
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to Russia and China (see Table 1).
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DRI = 5.4 Very high desertification
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Table 2 provides a more detailed de
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decision. This leads to solutions b
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Aims and objectives This penultimat
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Figure 7: The DESIRE Project has fo
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References: n EEA-European Environm
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Area (x1000 Ha) Major land use type
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Major land degradation types per st
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Rate of degradation per study site
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Production services were affected o
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% of area under conservation measur
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Figure 16: Effectiveness of conserv
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Conservation impact on ecosystem se
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Analysis of SLM technologies Introd
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Table 2: WOCAT categories of SLM me
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Origin of technology SLM technologi
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Table 3: Sensitivity of and toleran
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No. of case studies Land Ownership
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No. of case studies Increased farm
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No. of case studies Increased plant
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No. of case studies No. of case stu
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Analysis of SLM approaches Introduc
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system is focused on control rather
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References: n Alkemade, J. R. M., v
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actually implemented in the field.
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Concerning SLM, the most widely app
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Part 2 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Gr
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Desire for Greener Land Mexico Land
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2.1 SLM case studies Case studies -
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Classification Land use problems: T
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Class sification Land d use problem
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Page 223 and 224: Input: - Equipment (machinery, tool
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Page 255 and 256: Greece - Nestos This area has chemi
Page 257 and 258: Turkey - Eskişehir The Eskeheşir
Page 259 and 260: Tunisia - Koutine The Koutine area
Page 261 and 262: Russia - Novy Land use in the Novy
Page 263 and 264: Botswana - Boteti The main land use
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Page 269 and 270: Status of land degradation, sustain
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Here appears an organogram - if ava
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Pictograms SLM technology Land use
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Logos of partners 282 DESIRE - WOCA
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