Desire for Greener Land

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Human Environment Cropland per household (ha) 10,000 The top lid of the underground tank Implementation activities, inputs and costs Establishment activities 1. Digging pit 2. Transporting sand, cement and concrete blocks 3. Construction Maintenance/recurrent activities 1. Cleaning roof 2. Cleaning storage tank Land user: Individual small scale land users and disadvantaged land users Population density: < 10 persons/km 2 Annual population growth: 2% - 3% Land ownership: communal / village Land use rights: open access (unorganised) (Communal grazing and individual land ownership for ploughing. Water availed through communal boreholes in lands and cattle posts, but with individual standpipes in villages. Open access to surface water resources for livestock e.g. pans after rains. Dual grazing rights problem, whereby private ranchers graze in the commons, but the opposite not possible.) Water use rights: communal (organised) (Communal grazing and individual land ownership for ploughing. Water availed through communal boreholes in lands and cattle posts, but with individual standpipes in villages. SLM Technology: Roof rainwater harvesting system, Botwana DESIRE – WOCAT 2012 Open access to surface water resources for livestock e.g. pans after rains. Dual grazing rights problem, whereby private ranchers graze in the commons, but the opposite not possible.) Relative level of wealth: very poor, which represent 30%; 20% of the total land area is owned by very poor land users Importance of off-farm income: less than 10% of all income: Saves labour time to fetch water. Very limited off-farm income opportunities for everyone, including non-adopters of the technology Access to service and infrastructure: low: employment, energy, financial services; moderate: health, education, technical assistance, market, roads & transport, drinking water and sanitation Market orientation: subsistence (self-supply) Technical drawing Rain water falls onto the corrugated roof surface, which usually measures 7 x 6m. This water flows down into the gutters, then down through the pipe into an underground water storage tank (built from concrete blocks which are lined with a coating of mortar, or mortar is applied to wire mesh. Most storage tanks, when full, have a capacity of about 110 drums (a drum holds 200 litres). Without this system, a farmer usually only has about 2 drums per week. (Atlhopheng Julius). Establishment inputs and costs per unit Circular underground tank Inputs Costs (US$ / local currency) % met by land user Labour Construction material 12.5 100 - sand, cement, concrete block Other 1500 100 - labour by government person (8 person days) 500 0 TOTAL 2012.5 75 Maintenance/recurrent inputs and costs per unit per year Inputs Costs (US$ / local currency) % met by land user Labour 12.5 100 TOTAL 12.5 100 Remarks: Cost of building materials, specifically iron sheets, timber, concrete blocks, cement and the professional builder from the government. Prices of construction material for the roof rainwater system, fitted with the underground water storage system. All prices and exchange rates were calculated for 29 September 2008. The government subsidy was such that, men pay 30% of all costs, while women pay 20%. The 20-30% could be paid through labour (i.e. digging the pit, transporting sand and cement and serving as a labour hand during construction. Thus if the farmer offers labour, then he does not pay anything. The costs are calculated with labour input and its price or the local wage, which is 5 US$ per day. Each roof catchment unit is supposed to benefit one household, so it serves on average 4 people, who farm a 2-3 ha area (5-15km away from the main village). 139
Assessment Impacts of the Technology Production and socio-economic benefits Production and socio-economic disadvantages reduced risk of production failure increased drinking water availability increased crop yield diversification of income sources decreased workload increased animal production increased expenses on agricultural inputs increased economic inequity Socio-cultural benefits Socio-cultural disadvantages improved health conflict mitigation community institution strengthening improved situation of disadvantaged groups improved food security / self-sufficiency Ecological benefits Ecological disadvantages increased water quantity and quality improved harvesting / collection of water reduced evaporation reduced emission of carbon and greenhouse gases Off-site benefits Off-site disadvantages increased water availability Contribution to human well-being/livelihoods water. worsen situation of disadvantaged groups decreased water quality (if roof not cleaned) Many educational tours made on these demonstration sites. Fresh rainwater is good for health compared to borehole (salty) Benefits/costs according to land user Benefits compared with costs short-term: long-term: Establishment very negative very positive Maintenance/recurrent very negative very positive Very costly to set up, if no government aid. It is however, very good for long term water provision. Acceptance/adoption: The technology is generally deemed to be too expensive by the less wealthy farmers; and inadequate for the rich farmers (need to water many cattle) who drill their own boreholes. Thus only about 1% of land user families (1 families; 1% of area) have implemented the technology with external material support. There is one such structure per village in Boteti sub-district - and they are all demonstration schemes. There was no public uptake following demonstration, as government subsidy changed and was later stopped. It is too costly e.g. building materials, hiring of professional builder and cement to set up in lands areas. There is no trend towards (growing) spontaneous adoption of the technology. High capital or start-up costs. The area has low income groups who get water from communal boreholes, while rich cattle owners obtain water from their private boreholes, and hence desalination is favoured rather than rainwater systems. Concluding statements Strengths and how to sustain/improve Weaknesses and how to overcome Provides cool water in hot summers keep it working Provides water in lands areas, where it is most needed maintain the structure, or increase tank capacity Farmers appreciate the good water quality and clean system annually keep it working It has low maintenance costs, it is easy to use keep it working Useful as shelter or storage keep it working Costly to set up subsidies by government, NGOs, private sector Seen as dependent on rains, thus fails during droughts research, information dissemination to stakeholders Water quality issues (concerns) Education on keeping storage clean and boiling water for human consumption Costly to set up, due to the price of building materials Government subsidies, private sector, NGOs Fear that their land would be taken away by the government after financial assistance Education on subsidies to allay fears Key reference(s): Ministry of Agriculture Headquarters, Department of Crop Production, Engineering Division, Water Development Section, P/Bag 003, Gaborone, Botswana. dcp@gov.bw [department of crop production] or kmphokedi@gov.bw [for director] and [blaolalng@gov.bw] for technical officer Contact person(s): Julius Atlhopheng, ATLHOPHE@mopipi.ub.bw 140 DESIRE – WOCAT Desire for Greener Land
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Desire for Greener Land Options for
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DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener L
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Co-published by University of Bern,
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Cross-slope barriers Progressive be
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The present DESIRE publication desc
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Contributing authors and DESIRE con
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Desire for Greener Land - Options f
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XIV DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Green
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Figure 1: Desertification vulnerabi
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In DESIRE, WOCAT methods and tools
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Part 1
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8 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener
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Figure 1: Methodological framework
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to Russia and China (see Table 1).
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DRI = 5.4 Very high desertification
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Table 2 provides a more detailed de
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decision. This leads to solutions b
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Aims and objectives This penultimat
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Figure 7: The DESIRE Project has fo
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References: n EEA-European Environm
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Area (x1000 Ha) Major land use type
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Major land degradation types per st
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Rate of degradation per study site
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Production services were affected o
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% of area under conservation measur
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Figure 16: Effectiveness of conserv
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Conservation impact on ecosystem se
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Analysis of SLM technologies Introd
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Table 2: WOCAT categories of SLM me
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Origin of technology SLM technologi
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Table 3: Sensitivity of and toleran
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No. of case studies Land Ownership
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No. of case studies Increased farm
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No. of case studies Improved harves
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No. of case studies Increased plant
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No. of case studies No. of case stu
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Analysis of SLM approaches Introduc
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system is focused on control rather
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References: n Alkemade, J. R. M., v
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actually implemented in the field.
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Concerning SLM, the most widely app
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Part 2 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Gr
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Desire for Greener Land Mexico Land
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2.1 SLM case studies Case studies -
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Case studies - titles and short des
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76 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greene
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Classification Land use problems: T
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Assessment Impacts of the Technolog
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Class sification Land d use problem
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Classification Land use problems: O
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Problem, objectives and constraints
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Impacts of the Approach Improved su
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Input: - Equipment (machinery, tool
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Problems, objectives, and constrain
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Desire for Greener Land Opopejo Qui
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2.2 Mapping case studies This secti
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Land recommendation Land conservati
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Portugal - Maçao The Maçao area h
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Italy - Rendina The Rendina area ex
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Greece - Nestos This area has chemi
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Turkey - Eskişehir The Eskeheşir
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Tunisia - Koutine The Koutine area
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Russia - Novy Land use in the Novy
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Botswana - Boteti The main land use
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Chile - Cauquenes The Cauquenes are
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252 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Green
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Status of land degradation, sustain
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Examples of potential SLM technolog
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Actual
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Case study of the DESIRE methodolog
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II Identifying, evaluating and sele
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The results showed that the best op
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Some r
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Cropland (or grazing land, mixed la
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Here appears an organogram - if ava
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Pictograms SLM technology Land use
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Logos of partners 282 DESIRE - WOCA
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Desire for Greener Land

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