Desire for Greener Land

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Human Environment Cropland per household (ha) 10,000 Implementation activities, inputs and costs Establishment activities Land user: individual / household, small scale land users, common / average land users, women and men Population density: 50-100 persons/km 2 Annual population growth: < 0.5% Land ownership: state Land use rights: individual Water use rights: open access (no organisation) Relative level of wealth: rich, which represents 30% of land users; 30 % of the total land area is owned by rich land users 1. Plant the young trees with small pits. 2. The soils from the upper parts of the slope is shovelled away and deposited on the lower side of the trees 3. Expand the pits into a large platform year by year. 4. 3.4 years after planning the trees a level platform of 2 to 3 square meters around the trees is build. 5. The platforms increase and the space between trees is change into terrace. Maintenance/recurrent activities SLM Technology: Progressive bench terrace, China DESIRE – WOCAT 2012 Importance of off-farm income: 10-50% of all income: Only a few land users have implemented this measure because there are other market based activities that bring higher returns. Sometimes farmers have enough money to buy more fertilizer for the orchard. Access to service and infrastructure: low: drinking water and sanitation; moderate: health, employment, financial services; high: education, roads & transport Market orientation: commercial / market Mechanization: manual labour Livestock grazing on cropland: no Technical drawing i: first year: planting of fruit trees along the contour in small pits ii: after 3-4 years: a small terrace is built up around each tree (as the tree grows it needs more water, which is collected from the platform around the trees. iii: after 5-8 years: terraces develop iv: final stage: fully developed level bench terraces Owing to the soil properties of loess, there is no need to separate surface and subsoil as there is little difference between them. Therefore, soil can be moved directly from upper to lower parts of the terrace without changing soil fertility. (Wang Fei) Establishment inputs and costs per ha Inputs Costs (US$) % met by land user Labour (450 days) 6398 100 TOTAL 6398 100 Maintenance/recurrent inputs and costs per ha per year 1. Repair the bank of progressive bench terraces Inputs Costs (US$) % met by land user Labour (15 days) 219.6 100 TOTAL 219.6 100 Remarks: Slope is the most important factor. The steeper it is, the higher the cost. Labour was not considered as a cost before, but now it is expensive so that some local farmers do not use this technology. The costs are calculated assuming a local wage rate of 14.2 US$/day. 143
Assessment Impacts of the Technology Production and socio-economic benefits Production and socio-economic disadvantages increased crop yield (fruits) increased farm income increased labour constraints Socio-cultural benefits Socio-cultural disadvantages groups improved situation of social and economic disadvantaged Ecological benefits Ecological disadvantages reduced surface runoff reduced soil loss Off-site benefits Off-site disadvantages reduced downstream flooding reduced river flows Contribution to human well-being/livelihoods The stable income from orchards improves the standard of living, and people can buy enough food and meat. The nine-year compulsory education in China, which once had to be paid for, is now free. Benefits/costs according to land user Benefits compared with costs short-term: long-term: Establishment slightly positive positive Maintenance/recurrent positive positive It is very cheap to maintain this measure. More trees could be planted on degraded land in future. Acceptance/adoption: All land user families (65 families; covering 15% of their area) have implemented the technology voluntarily without any external support or inputs. In this area, there are many other practices, such as reforestation, enclosure (to prevent grazing) and terrace construction. There is a moderate (growing) trend towards spontaneous adoption of the technology. Even the local farmers know the benefits of progressive bench terraces, but with the increased labour costs, fewer people apply this technology. Concluding statements Strengths and how to sustain/improve Weaknesses and how to overcome Establishing the technology over a long time. Local farmers have enough time to do it. Show to land users that they have time and can spread to work over many years and fit the labour into the time they have available. It can reduce water loss and soil erosion and prevent the degradation of land Give subsidy to the local farmers to reduce the sediment delivery into the downstream river. It can increase soil moisture Makes people understand the importance of conserving water with such a technology. Higher yield and income Share ideas through meeting in the field. Present this measure to more people and show them how to apply it and promote the technology to more farmers. It takes considerable time to establish and labour is more and more expensive so that farmers are looking for paid work Subsidy for farmers using this measure. Key reference(s): Soil and water conservation records of Shaanxi Province. 2000. Shaanxi People's Press, Xi'an City, China Library of ISWC, CAS Contact person(s): Wang Fei, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, China. wafe@ms.iswc.ac.cn. wang.fei.cas@gmial.com 144 DESIRE – WOCAT Desire for Greener Land
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Desire for Greener Land Options for
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DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener L
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Co-published by University of Bern,
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Cross-slope barriers Progressive be
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The present DESIRE publication desc
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Contributing authors and DESIRE con
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Desire for Greener Land - Options f
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XIV DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Green
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Figure 1: Desertification vulnerabi
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In DESIRE, WOCAT methods and tools
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Part 1
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8 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener
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Figure 1: Methodological framework
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to Russia and China (see Table 1).
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DRI = 5.4 Very high desertification
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Table 2 provides a more detailed de
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decision. This leads to solutions b
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Aims and objectives This penultimat
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Figure 7: The DESIRE Project has fo
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References: n EEA-European Environm
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Area (x1000 Ha) Major land use type
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Major land degradation types per st
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Rate of degradation per study site
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Production services were affected o
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% of area under conservation measur
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Figure 16: Effectiveness of conserv
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Conservation impact on ecosystem se
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Analysis of SLM technologies Introd
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Table 2: WOCAT categories of SLM me
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Origin of technology SLM technologi
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Table 3: Sensitivity of and toleran
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No. of case studies Land Ownership
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No. of case studies Increased farm
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No. of case studies Improved harves
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No. of case studies Increased plant
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No. of case studies No. of case stu
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Analysis of SLM approaches Introduc
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system is focused on control rather
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References: n Alkemade, J. R. M., v
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actually implemented in the field.
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Concerning SLM, the most widely app
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Part 2 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Gr
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Desire for Greener Land Mexico Land
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2.1 SLM case studies Case studies -
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Case studies - titles and short des
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Classification Land use problems: T
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Assessment Impacts of the Technolog
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Class sification Land d use problem
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Classification Land use problems: T
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Class sification Land use problemss
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Classification Land use problems: O
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Problem, objectives and constraints
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Impacts of the Approach Improved su
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Input: - Equipment (machinery, tool
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Problems, objectives, and constrain
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Desire for Greener Land Opopejo Qui
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2.2 Mapping case studies This secti
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Land recommendation Land conservati
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Portugal - Maçao The Maçao area h
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Italy - Rendina The Rendina area ex
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Greece - Nestos This area has chemi
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Turkey - Eskişehir The Eskeheşir
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Tunisia - Koutine The Koutine area
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Russia - Novy Land use in the Novy
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Botswana - Boteti The main land use
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Chile - Cauquenes The Cauquenes are
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Status of land degradation, sustain
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Examples of potential SLM technolog
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Actual
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Case study of the DESIRE methodolog
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II Identifying, evaluating and sele
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The results showed that the best op
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Some r
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Cropland (or grazing land, mixed la
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Here appears an organogram - if ava
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Pictograms SLM technology Land use
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Logos of partners 282 DESIRE - WOCA
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