Desire for Greener Land

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Human Environment Mixed land per household (ha) 10,000 Implementation activities, inputs and costs Establishment activities Land user: groups / community, small scale land users, common / average land users, men and women Population density: 10-50 persons/km 2 Annual population growth: 1 - 2% Land ownership: communal / village, “ejido” Land use rights: communal (organised): "ejido" is the community organisation in Mexico: land belongs to the state but it is managed by the community. Some areas can be used by everybody; others are assigned to the land user families. Water use rights: water concession given by National Water Authority to the “ejido” Relative level of wealth: average (owning 34% of the land); poor (owning 33%), very poor (owning 33%) 1. Selection and collection of agave and tree seeds 2. Building of greenhouses incl. soil and organic matter 3. Fencing of greenhouses with barbed wire, poles and nails (0.5 ha) 4. Sowing & maintaining seedlings in greenhouses (3 months) 5. Installation of a nursery for agaves and trees and transplantation of seedlings into plastic bags 6. Plant care and maintaining in nursery (9 months) 7. Transportation of plants in plastic bags 8. Planting of plants (agaves and trees) Maintenance/recurrent activities 1. Weeding around plants to give them space during the first 3 years (10 person days/ha) 2. Cutting the stalks before the harvest (15 person days/ha) 3. Replanting of agaves after 7 to 14 years (restarting of a new cycle of production, see establishment activities) SLM Technology: Land reclamation by forestry with native species, Mexico DESIRE – WOCAT 2012 Importance of off-farm income: Off-farm incomes represent between 80-90% of the annual incomes: "external" job, business, trade, or by money sent by family members from the USA Access to service and infrastructure: moderate: technical assistance, employment (e.g. off-farm), financial services; high: health, education, market, energy, roads & transport, drinking water and sanitation Market orientation: mixed (subsistence and commercial) Technical drawing Agave production is based on planting them with trees along the contour. Herbaceous plants are maintained / planted or sown between the plants. Depending on the slope, one or more dense lines of agaves (1 plant every 25 cm) is planted for control of soil erosion and runoff, including a lateral gradient to the gully which will evacuate the excessive runoff. Footpaths are planned for the maintenance of the plantation (Design of Alejandro Martinez). Establishment inputs and costs per ha Inputs Costs (US$) % met by land user Labour 153 10 Equipment - greenhouse (10 years life) - transport (trucks) Construction material - earth - plastic bag for plants - barbed wire (10 years life) Agricultural - seedlings 18 16 23 12 11 10 10 10 10 10 100 10 TOTAL 333 10 Maintenance/recurrent inputs and costs per ha per year Inputs Costs (US$) % met by land user Agricultural - cleaning around plants - cutting scape 37 17 TOTAL 54 10 Remarks: The most important factors determining the costs are: 1) the materials to build a greenhouse and the personnel to take care of young plants; 2) the difficulties of making holes in the indurated soils, which takes time and efforts; and 3) the distance between the nursery and the field requires time and efforts (truck carrying the plants). Calculations are for the plantation of 200,000 plants (agaves and trees) which correspond to the numbers of plants for 100 ha in the agave forestry example presented here. The main portion of these plants is planted by the community on their own land; the rest is given or sold to other communities or private people. The lifetime of the greenhouse, nursery and fencing installations is around 10 years. The local wage rate is 12 US$/day. 10 10 163
Assessment Impacts of the Technology Production and socio-economic benefits Production and socio-economic disadvantages increased farm income, diversification of income sources increased production area and diversification increased crop yield increased wood and fodder production and quality reduced animal production anticipated impact on the community due to the huge benefits which may induce corruption, violence, etc. Socio-cultural benefits Socio-cultural disadvantages improved conservation / erosion knowledge improved situation of disadvantaged groups improved food security / self-sufficiency conflict mitigation improved health (through medicinal plants and income) Ecological benefits Ecological disadvantages improved harvesting of water, increased soil moisture reduced surface runoff and soil loss improved soil cover increased animal, plant and habitat diversity increased biomass and nutrient cycling socio cultural conflicts increased health problems (due to alcohol) increased fire risk Off-site benefits Off-site disadvantages reduced downstream flooding and siltation reduced damage on neighbours fields and on public / private infrastructure increased biodiversity increased water availability Contribution to human well-being/livelihoods the production of the mezcal drink (with designation of origin) from agaves, and/or medicinal products, will generate very high incomes for stakeholders which change their life and allow farmer's sons to stay in the community and work in their fields. Benefits/costs according to land user That is why state institutions fund the installations of this system, although the production has not started yet. After that, benefits generated will be enough to motivate people to increase the surface to remediate by themselves, without economical helps. Benefits compared with costs short-term: long-term: Establishment negative very positive Maintenance/recurrent negative very positive Acceptance/adoption: All the land user families (50 families; 10% of area) who implemented the technology received an external material support. As the programme only started in 2010, it is impossible to have an exact overview of the results (end of 2011). As the land users belong to the same community ("ejido"), formally, all the inhabitants are involved in some way. It is too early to identify an adoption trend. Concluding statements Strengths and how to sustain/improve Weaknesses and how to overcome Remediation of degraded land turning it to a sustainable production generating very high incomes in the medium term life will change drastically and not necessarily for the better. Transparency and communication regarding benefits and land use are necessary Low-cost project but it needs to be funded and supported with technical and institutional advice to initiate the first cycle of the project Farmers can start to produce their mezcal from the wild agaves to sell them to wholesalers and use this money to pay for the project. As a result of the economic benefits, young people will stay in the communities Involve the young to guarantee the future: develop the marketing, the diversification of the products, the quality of production, etc. It will hopefully reduce the number of cattle, which are the main cause of soil erosion, as farmers lose interest in cattle raising Authorities need to monitor this and inform the farmers about the ecological impact of too much free cattle grazing Obligation to find external funds to pay the first steps of the system (greenhouse, planting etc.) due to the lack of incomes amongst farmers Involvement of all stakeholders in the project Ensuring that alcohol production will not be consumed in excess in the community control of the volume of the production, and the sufficiently high selling price should avoid "losing" the production at local scale Risk that the benefits will be captured by few people transparency and stakeholder communication in accounting for the benefits Marketing and selling the products authorities help the farmers to contact sellers. The formation of communities of producers, leading to products conforming to regulations that maintain good quality and provide certification. Owing to the high incomes, life will change drastically and not necessarily for the better. Key reference(s): Colunga-García Marín P., D. Zizumbo-Villareal, J.T. Martínez. 2007. Tradiciones en el aprovechamiento de los agaves mexicanos: una aportación a la protección legal y conservación de su diversidad biológica y cultural. In: En lo Ancestral hay Futuro: del Tequila, los Mezcales y otros Agaves. P. Colunga- GarcíaMarín, L. Eguiarte, A. Larqué, D. Zizumbo-Villarreal (eds). CICY-CONACYT-CONABIO-SEMARNAT-INE. México D.F., pp. 85-112. Contact person(s): Alejandro Martínez Palacios, UMSNH-Universidad Michoacana San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico, apalacios56@gmail.com Christian Prat, IRD-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France, christian.prat@ird.fr 164 DESIRE – WOCAT Desire for Greener Land
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Desire for Greener Land Options for
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DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener L
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Co-published by University of Bern,
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Cross-slope barriers Progressive be
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The present DESIRE publication desc
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Contributing authors and DESIRE con
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Desire for Greener Land - Options f
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XIV DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Green
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Figure 1: Desertification vulnerabi
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In DESIRE, WOCAT methods and tools
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Part 1
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8 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener
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Figure 1: Methodological framework
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to Russia and China (see Table 1).
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DRI = 5.4 Very high desertification
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Table 2 provides a more detailed de
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decision. This leads to solutions b
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Aims and objectives This penultimat
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Figure 7: The DESIRE Project has fo
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References: n EEA-European Environm
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Area (x1000 Ha) Major land use type
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Major land degradation types per st
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Rate of degradation per study site
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Production services were affected o
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% of area under conservation measur
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Figure 16: Effectiveness of conserv
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Conservation impact on ecosystem se
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Analysis of SLM technologies Introd
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Table 2: WOCAT categories of SLM me
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Origin of technology SLM technologi
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Table 3: Sensitivity of and toleran
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No. of case studies Land Ownership
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No. of case studies Increased farm
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No. of case studies Improved harves
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No. of case studies Increased plant
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No. of case studies No. of case stu
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Analysis of SLM approaches Introduc
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system is focused on control rather
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References: n Alkemade, J. R. M., v
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actually implemented in the field.
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Concerning SLM, the most widely app
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Part 2 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Gr
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Desire for Greener Land Mexico Land
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2.1 SLM case studies Case studies -
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Case studies - titles and short des
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76 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greene
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Classification Land use problems: T
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Assessment Impacts of the Technolog
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Class sification Land d use problem
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Class sification Land use problemss
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Classification Land use problems: I
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Classification Land use problems: D
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Classification Land use problems: I
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Problem, objectives and constraints
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Impacts of the Approach Improved su
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Problems, objectives, and constrain
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Desire for Greener Land Opopejo Qui
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2.2 Mapping case studies This secti
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Land recommendation Land conservati
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Portugal - Maçao The Maçao area h
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Italy - Rendina The Rendina area ex
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Greece - Nestos This area has chemi
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Turkey - Eskişehir The Eskeheşir
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Tunisia - Koutine The Koutine area
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Russia - Novy Land use in the Novy
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Botswana - Boteti The main land use
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Chile - Cauquenes The Cauquenes are
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Status of land degradation, sustain
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Examples of potential SLM technolog
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Actual
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Case study of the DESIRE methodolog
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II Identifying, evaluating and sele
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The results showed that the best op
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Some r
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Cropland (or grazing land, mixed la
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Here appears an organogram - if ava
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Pictograms SLM technology Land use
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Logos of partners 282 DESIRE - WOCA
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Desire for Greener Land

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