Desire for Greener Land

funding, mainly in the government programmes of Chile,
Mexico, Morocco and Tunisia. The local government is only
important as a funding source in Spain. The local community
and the land users themselves contribute in only three case
studies, namely in Portugal (40%), in Mexico (10%) and in
Tunisia (10%). This seems to contradict what was said earlier
in the technology analysis section, but here we refer to eight
approaches only and combine the technology implementation
costs with the approach costs (e.g. training).
Funding sources
49%
10%
7%
Community involvement
34%
international
government
local government
local community / land user
DESIRE - WOCAT 2012
Figure 34: Average proportions of funding sources in reported
approaches.
In more than half of the case studies, the local community is
actively involved in all stages of the approach. This is a clear
plea for participatory development, already recognised in
earlier approach analyses 16 . However, it is also remarkable
that especially in monitoring & evaluation and research,
almost half of the approaches don’t involve the local stakeholders
at all (although, it should be noted that some have
not started this phase yet).
This analysis shows that most of the case studies are clearly
driven by experts. This is supported by the fact that in six of
the eight approaches, the decision on the choice of the SLM
technology was made by SLM specialists in consultation with
land users. Only in Mexico was it a joint decision of various
stakeholders, and in Tunisia it was a decision made by the
land users supported by SLM specialists.
Most case studies noted a moderate to great difference
between participation of men and women. Usually, men perform
the hard manual work in the field or in the implementation
of SLM measures, while women are more responsible
for the work in and around the house. Only Portugal and
China, Hanspeter Liniger
Russia did not identify a gender difference. It is remarkable
that in Cape Verde, 40% of the households are headed by
women due to migration of their husbands to other areas
or countries.
Disadvantaged groups are often specifically involved, except
in the Moroccan approach. In particular, there is a special
focus on poor or unemployed people.
Community involvement
9
Chile
Cape Verde
Training, advisory service and research
These elements often form a key element of an approach.
Training was provided in all eight approaches, mostly to
land users and field staff / agricultural advisors. The training
was provided in the form of public meetings, information
sessions, site visits, demonstration areas, on-the-job and
farmer to farmer sessions. All approaches work with an existing
advisory service system, which is in most cases entirely
adequate to ensure the continuation of the started SLM
approach activities. This is a strong argument for further
support of extension services.
The effectiveness of training and extension was mostly considered
good to excellent, except in Spain.
Apparently, there is a serious lack of training for land users
in Spain. The authors write that currently the extension
16 WOCAT, 2007
Analysis of assessed SLM technologies and approaches across DESIRE sites DESIRE – WOCAT 2012
No. of case studies
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Mexico
Morocco
Portugal
Russia
Spain
Tunisia
none
passive
active: payment / incentives
active: interactive
active: self-mobilization
DESIRE - WOCAT 2012
Figure 35: Community involvement in different stages of the
approach.
59