Desire for Greener Land

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Afforestation Cape Verde - Arborização / floresta (Portuguese) Afforestation is one of the key technologies to address the fragility of ecosystems: it provides better protection against erosion and makes better use of rainfall in order to maintain the sustainability of agricultural systems. Mountain forest areas are considered protective due to their role in regulating water (infiltration of storm water, regulation of surface runoff, and groundwater recharge) within the watershed. The main species used are Prosopis juliflora, Parkinsonia aculeata, Jatropha curcas, Atriplex spp, Acacia holosericea, Acacia victoriae, Lantana camara and others, in arid areas and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Grevillea robusta, Pinus and Cupressus ssp. in highland and humid areas. The climatic conditions are characterized by high spatial and temporal variability of the rainfall. The rains are concentrated in two or three months (August and September or October); the highlands and the N-NE parts are wetter compared to the low lands or coastal areas, which are very dry. The average annual rainfall is about 225 mm over the whole island; it has declined since the 1960s, with negative effects on farming conditions, and water supply. However, in areas located more than 500 m above sea level and exposed to trade winds, rainfall can exceed 700 mm. About 20% of the precipitation is lost through runoff, 13% infiltrates the soil and recharges aquifers and 67% evaporates. The evaporation loss is a limiting factor for any agriculture or forestry. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt the afforestation implementation to the specific local conditions (slope, stone cover, climate, etc). To overcome and minimize the problem of water scarcity, several measures are applied: (a) caldeira or half-moon structures achieved with earth or stone; (b) contour furrows or level bench terraces with stone walls arranged along the contour; (c). small dams to protect gullies. The aim is to maximize retention of water and control surface runoff. This not only allows better infiltration of water for the tree plantations, but also protects against soil erosion and facilitates groundwater recharge. The success of the reforestation may be indicated not only by the area covered but also by the number of introduced plants. In 1975, there were about 3,000 ha of afforested land. By 2011, there are over 90,000 ha of afforested land with almost 50 million trees. Afforestation has focused mainly on the island of Santiago and Santo Antão, (13% of the total area reforested). Nowadays, more than 20% of the country is afforested. The forest has had a great importance in the context of combating desertification, rehabilitation of vegetation cover, in meeting energy needs and forage production and in developing agrosilvopastoral systems, as well as having undoubtedly contributed to a significant modification of the landscape in Cape Verde. The afforestation activities also contributed to increase biodiversity of some species of birds, including “Galinha di mato” (Numida meleagris), “Codorniz” (Coturnix coturnix), “Passarinha” (Halcyon leucocephala) and others. The forest species are mainly used for land protection and for production of fuel wood and coal. Because of the poor growing conditions, the forest species are not well suited to the construction industry or wood processing. SLM Technology: Afforestation, Cape Verde DESIRE – WOCAT 2012 Above left: Forest area in the mountains with several species: Eucalyptus spp., Dichrostachys cinerea and Lantana camara on steep slopes. (Photo: Jacques Tavares) Above right: Summit area invaded by Dichrostachys cinerea and Lantana camara towards the bottom. In the middle and foot slope areas there is an association of rainfed agriculture with fruit trees (mangoes) on land protected with stone terraces. (Photo: Jacques Tavares). Location: Ribeira Seca Region: Santiago Island / Cape Verde Technology area: 71.5 km 2 Conservation measure: vegetative Stage of intervention: rehabilitation of land degradation Origin: developed externally / introduced through project, 10-50 years ago Land use: forest land and mixed Climate: arid, tropical WOCAT database reference QT CPV03 on cdewocat.unibe.ch/wocatQT DESIRE site information: www.desirehis.eu/en/ribeira-seca-cape-verde Related approach: Training, information and awareness-raising (QA CPV01) Compiled by Jacques Tavares, INIDA, Cape Verde Date: 4 th Mar 2009, updated 10 th October 2011 177
Classification Land use problems: Soil erosion by runoff, low productive soils, low organic matter, low soil cover, fertility and depth particularly in the agro-systems with rainfed agriculture. Land use Climate Degradation Conservation measure silvo-pastoralism (in arid and semiarid areas), Soil depth (cm) 0-20 20-50 50-80 80-120 >120 agro forestry (in semi-arid and sub humid areas). Stage of intervention Prevention Mitigation / Reduction Rehabilitation forestry (in highlands) semi-arid, tropical Origin Growing season(s): 90 days (Aug – Oct) Soil texture: medium (loam) Soil fertility: medium Topsoil organic matter: medium (1-3%) Soil drainage/infiltration: good biological degradation: loss of habitat, reduction of vegetation cover soil erosion by water: gully erosion, gullying, loss of topsoil, surface erosion Land user's initiative Experiments / research Externally introduced: 10-50 years ago Main causes of land degradation: Direct causes - human induced: soil management, crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) Indirect causes: poverty / wealth, education, access to knowledge and support services Main technical functions: - improvement of soil cover - control of raindrop splash - stabilisation of soil (e.g. by tree roots against landslides) - increase of infiltration - increase of groundwater level, recharge of groundwater Environment Natural Environment Average annual rainfall (mm) > 4000 3000-4000 2000-3000 1500-2000 1000-1500 750-1000 500-750 250-500 < 250 vegetative: tree and shrub cover Secondary technical functions: - increase in organic matter - increase / maintain water stored in soil - reduction in wind speed Level of technical knowledge Agricultural advisor Land user Altitude (m a.s.l.) Landform Slope (%) > 4000 3000-4000 2500-3000 2000-2500 1500-2000 1000-1500 500-1000 100-500
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Desire for Greener Land Options for
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DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener L
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Co-published by University of Bern,
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Cross-slope barriers Progressive be
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The present DESIRE publication desc
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Contributing authors and DESIRE con
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Desire for Greener Land - Options f
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XIV DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Green
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Figure 1: Desertification vulnerabi
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In DESIRE, WOCAT methods and tools
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Part 1
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8 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener
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Figure 1: Methodological framework
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to Russia and China (see Table 1).
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DRI = 5.4 Very high desertification
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Table 2 provides a more detailed de
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decision. This leads to solutions b
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Aims and objectives This penultimat
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Figure 7: The DESIRE Project has fo
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References: n EEA-European Environm
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Area (x1000 Ha) Major land use type
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Major land degradation types per st
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Rate of degradation per study site
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Production services were affected o
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% of area under conservation measur
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Figure 16: Effectiveness of conserv
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Conservation impact on ecosystem se
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Analysis of SLM technologies Introd
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Table 2: WOCAT categories of SLM me
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Origin of technology SLM technologi
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Table 3: Sensitivity of and toleran
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No. of case studies Land Ownership
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No. of case studies Increased farm
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No. of case studies Improved harves
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No. of case studies Increased plant
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No. of case studies No. of case stu
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Analysis of SLM approaches Introduc
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system is focused on control rather
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References: n Alkemade, J. R. M., v
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actually implemented in the field.
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Concerning SLM, the most widely app
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Part 2 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Gr
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Desire for Greener Land Mexico Land
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2.1 SLM case studies Case studies -
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Case studies - titles and short des
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76 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greene
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Classification Land use problems: T
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Assessment Impacts of the Technolog
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Class sification Land d use problem
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Class sification Land use problemss
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Classification Land use problems: I
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Classification Land use problems: D
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Classification Land use problems: I
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Classification Land use problems: L
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Classification Land use problems: s
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Class sification Land use problemss
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Impacts of the Approach Improved su
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Desire for Greener Land Opopejo Qui
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2.2 Mapping case studies This secti
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Land recommendation Land conservati
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Portugal - Maçao The Maçao area h
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Italy - Rendina The Rendina area ex
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Greece - Nestos This area has chemi
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Turkey - Eskişehir The Eskeheşir
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Tunisia - Koutine The Koutine area
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Russia - Novy Land use in the Novy
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Botswana - Boteti The main land use
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Chile - Cauquenes The Cauquenes are
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Status of land degradation, sustain
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Examples of potential SLM technolog
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Actual
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Case study of the DESIRE methodolog
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II Identifying, evaluating and sele
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The results showed that the best op
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Some r
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Cropland (or grazing land, mixed la
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Here appears an organogram - if ava
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Pictograms SLM technology Land use
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Logos of partners 282 DESIRE - WOCA
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Desire for Greener Land

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