Desire for Greener Land

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2.3 DESIRE methodology examples Case study of the DESIRE methodology – Eskişehir, Turkey (This case study is structured according to the 5 steps of DESIRE approach as explained in chapter 1) I Establishing land degradation and SLM context and sustainability goals Socio-cultural, economic and environmental context The Eskişehir region is situated in the inner Northwestern Anatolian region, on the north rim of the Eskişehir plain, covering an area of 90 km 2 , and situated between 800 and 1400 m altitude. The area has been strongly influenced by agricultural and industrial activities due to its proximity to Eskişehir city. In the coming decades, urbanisation is projected to increase, as well as the demand for water for industrial, domestic and agricultural needs. At the same time the incidence of droughts is expected to increase. Degradation problems in the area include soil erosion by water and wind, salinization, surface water pollution and groundwater depletion. Land use is mainly rainfed agriculture (mostly cereals), irrigated cultivation (sugar beet and sunflower), pasture and man-made forests (mainly pine and oak trees). Geology and soils: the substrate consists of metamorphic rocks with sandstones and conglomerates and alluvial deposits. Marble lenses in the metamorphic rocks are mined. The climate is dry continental climate with an annual precipitation of 380 mm, with temperatures generally below 0°C during winter and possibly exceeding 40°C in summer days. Existing conservation measures: conservation measures to protect land, water and biodiversity resources are limited in the area. Crop rotation, fodder crop production and reforestation are practiced. Socio-economic situation: the Eskişehir area has a high productivity in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors compared to other regions in the country, but the educational and income levels of the village inhabitants and farmers are low. The study site has 3040 inhabitants. Location of the Eskişehir study site in the Eskişehir plain. Case study of the DESIRE methodology – Eskişehir, Turkey DESIRE – WOCAT 2012 Institutional and political setting: Several state organisations and research institutes at the national and provincial level coordinate land and water management in the area. The municipality decides on land use and management within its borders. Several civil society organisations provide extension services to land users, including financial support. The national NGO TEMA is active in combating soil erosion and the restoration and protection of natural habitats. There is limited communication between stakeholders and local and national policy representatives. Stakeholders, goals and drivers The main stakeholder groups include the villagers holding livestock, land users of the cropland, farmer unions, the municipality, provincial directorates for infrastructure, water, environment and forestry, several research institutes and two environmental NGOs. The sustainability goals identified for the Eskişehir area reflect the needs of the livestock holders, farmers and state organizations. The main socio-economic and environmental drivers are summarized below. Policies to protect land and water resources include a national law on soil preservation and land use. Sustainability goals Goal 1 Increasing biological diversity Goal 2 Improving productivity of fodder production on pasture lands Goal 3 Conservation and improvement of soil fertility Goal 4 Forest cover increase and maintenance Goal 5 Efficient use of groundwater sources 253
Status of land degradation, sustainable land management and risk The cropland in the Eskişehir site experiences land degradation in the form of surface erosion by water, sealing and crusting, and soil fertility decline and reduced soil organic matter content. Land degradation is most widespread and severe in the pasture areas close to the settlements. Indicators of the bio-physical, land use and socio-economic conditions in the Eskişehir site relevant to soil erosion by water were collected for 52 locations in agricultural land, for 3 locations in forest, and for 16 locations in the pasture land. Climate indicators were collected for 70 locations. Based on these indicators, and using the expert system for desertification risk assessment, a desertification risk was calculated with regard to soil erosion by water. The Eskişehir study site is subject to a very high desertification risk over almost its entire area, also in areas with currently a very light degree of land degradation. 254 Socio-economic drivers • Low institutional capacity cooperation • Poor extension services, access to market difficult (also for purchase of management inputs) • Low level of organization among farmers • Low level of contact between stakeholders • Large difference between farm gate price and market price: role of middle men • Urban priorities dominate the rural region because of tourism (city to rural areas), soil excavation for bricks (urban construction) • Land fragmentation Environmental drivers • Low vegetative cover • Arid climate • Deforestation • Torrential summer and autumn rains • Low vegetative cover • Inappropriate tillage • Overgrazing Land use types (left) and degree of land degradation (right) in the Eskişehir study site, Turkey. Source: Godert van Lynden (ISRIC). Desertification risk due to water erosion in the Eskişehir study site, Turkey. Source: AUA, Greece DESIRE – WOCAT Desire for Greener Land
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Desire for Greener Land Options for
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DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener L
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Co-published by University of Bern,
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Cross-slope barriers Progressive be
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The present DESIRE publication desc
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XIV DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Green
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Figure 1: Desertification vulnerabi
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In DESIRE, WOCAT methods and tools
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Part 1
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Figure 1: Methodological framework
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to Russia and China (see Table 1).
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DRI = 5.4 Very high desertification
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Table 2 provides a more detailed de
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decision. This leads to solutions b
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Aims and objectives This penultimat
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References: n EEA-European Environm
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Area (x1000 Ha) Major land use type
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Major land degradation types per st
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% of area under conservation measur
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Analysis of SLM technologies Introd
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Table 2: WOCAT categories of SLM me
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Origin of technology SLM technologi
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system is focused on control rather
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References: n Alkemade, J. R. M., v
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actually implemented in the field.
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Concerning SLM, the most widely app
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Desire for Greener Land Mexico Land
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2.1 SLM case studies Case studies -
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Page 251 and 252: Portugal - Maçao The Maçao area h
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Page 259 and 260: Tunisia - Koutine The Koutine area
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Page 263 and 264: Botswana - Boteti The main land use
Page 265 and 266: Chile - Cauquenes The Cauquenes are
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Desire for Greener Land

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