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identity construct #4: nation 145 ercised and encountered and, in the end, the way power was registered and resisted. The vitality of North American forms was derived from their capacity to shape consciousness, to remake people by redefi ning the common assumptions of their everyday life. These were not efforts devised explicitly to control Cubans. On the contrary, they were many of the same ways by which North Americans themselves were formed. And therein lay the power of things and ways North American. Due in part to historical circumstances and in part to geography, Cubans happened to have been among the fi rst people outside the United States to come under the infl uence of North American material culture. The success of U.S. hegemony in Cuba was less a function of political control and military domination than a cultural condition in which meaning and purpose were derived from North American normative systems. U.S. infl uence expanded from within, usually in noncoercive forms, just as often introduced by Cubans themselves as by North Americans. U.S. culture spread rapidly across the island and emerged as one of the most accessible means by which to aspire to well-being and thus was a powerful motivator in the acceptance of new social norms and new cognitive categories. This was the principal way that Cubans entered the postcolonial order, the circumstances under which social institutions were formed and moral hierarchies established, the means by which many citizens arranged the terms of their familiarity with the world at large. This is not to minimize the role of coercion and violence in defense of the status quo. U.S. armed intervention occurred periodically. Political intermeddling was constant. Nor were these methods of social control and political domination unimportant. Economic control and political power served to obtain some measure of Cuban acquiescence, and could—and did—act as powerful forces to secure Cuban emulation of what was increasingly becoming known as the “American way of life.” [. . .] These relationships endured varying degrees over the course of a century, often in ways that ceased to be apprehended at all. They operated as a system possessed of its own logic. Because that system lacked organization does not mean that it was without order. The power of North American forms resided expressly in their capacity to assume the appearance of normal and ordinary, the ease with which their major elements could be appropriated, and the degree to which these elements infl uenced the standards to which Cuban men and women aspired to achieve self-defi nition and self-worth. It is not clear that Cubans fully discerned the sources of their own formation. What is apparent, however, is that U.S. forms penetrated so deeply through habitual usage and became so much a part of everyday life as to
146 reframing latin america be indistinguishable from what passed as commonplace, but most of all for what passed as Cuban [. . .]. Discussion Questions • Although Gobineau’s theories may appear to be outdated, they continue to be embedded in contemporary discourse. Provide as many examples as you can regarding this assertion. • Compare these two works. How would Pérez respond to Gobineau’s idea of national identity? • How does Pérez’s argument on Cuban national identity resemble Hall’s theory of contingency? Notes 1. Arthur de Gobineau, The Inequality of Human Races, trans. Adrian Collins (New York: Howard Fertig, 1967) 136 [originally published 1845]. 2. Domingo Sarmiento, Life in the Argentine Republic in the Days of Tyrants or, Civilization and Barbarism (New York: Collier, 1966) 43. 3. Louis Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality and Culture (Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1999) 8. 4. Perez 6. 5. Perez 13. 6. De Gobineau, The Inequality of Human Races. 7. De Gobineau is referring to Francois Xavier Bichat (1771–1802), a French anatomist and physiologist, who worked so hard to advance the study of surgery and understandings of the human body that he compromised his own health and died at a young age. Nevertheless, he made numerous contributions to medical science. 8. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality and Culture. Excerpt is from 5, 8, 10–11, 12–13.
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eframing latin america A Cultural T
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To all our students in Interdiscipl
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contents what are we doing and why
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16. Film Foray: Como agua para choc
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What Are We Doing and Why Are We Do
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preface xiii The excerpted writings
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xvi acknowledgments pastures, but w
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xviii acknowledgments without them.
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