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340 permissions acknowledgments<br />

and Video. Ed. Chan Noriega. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,<br />

2000. 174–192. Excerpts are from 176–183 and 185–187. Permission granted<br />

by the publisher through the Copyright Clearance Center.<br />

A note regarding permissions for the use of fi lm stills in this text: We have<br />

used FRAPS 2.6.4 to capture the still images from the fi lms we discuss and<br />

base our lawful use of the stills reproduced in this text on criteria published<br />

by the Society for Cinema and Media Studies (SCMS). According to guidelines<br />

posted in the “fair use” declaration of the SCMS website , fi lm stills captured from VHS<br />

tapes and DVDs to be used for educational purposes fall under “fair use” for<br />

the following reasons:<br />

a) Technically, by capturing a fi lm still and publishing it as a frame<br />

enlargement, the legal warning against copying any part of the fi lm is<br />

violated. However, the intention of this warning was to prevent the pirating<br />

of the fi lms in their entirety to be sold and/or projected. The publishing<br />

of fi lm stills does not in any way violate the intention of this legal<br />

prohibition.<br />

b) Journals and books published by not-for-profi t university presses use<br />

frame enlargements to enhance the educational/analytical/critical purposes<br />

of the text. These still images are in no way a duplication or replication<br />

of the fi lm since they are devoid of movement and comprise less<br />

than one one-hundredth of one percent of a single fi lm. It thus follows that<br />

use of the images does “not harm the potential market for or value of the<br />

copyrighted work,” one of the fundamental criteria determining unlawful<br />

use of copyrighted material. On the contrary, the publishing of fi lm stills<br />

arguably acts as a form of publicity, not piracy, often promoting the viewing<br />

of the fi lm in its entirety by the journal and book readers.<br />

For more information, please consult the SCMS “fair use” guidelines<br />

.

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