cultural theory, xi, xii, 10–13, 14, 15, 18, 20–24, 33–34, 36, 41–43, 74; as life strategy, 331–335 Culture and Customs of El Salvador (Boland), 4 culture wars, 12 Darío, Ruben, 16 David (Michelangelo), 15 de Andrade, Oswald. See Andrade, Oswald de “Death of the Author” (Barthes), 21, 44, 151 death of the author, 21, 24, 31, 33, 57, 260, 319 decentering, 30, 35, 36–38, 79, 101, 120 deconstruction, xi, 11, 14, 15, 30, 153, 252 degeneration, 136, 138–140, 143 de Gobineau, Arthur. See Gobineau, Arthur de Dehumanization of Art (Ortega y Gasset), 53 democracy, 11 Derrida, Jacques, 19, 43, 153, 174, 176, 332 de Saussure, Ferdinand. See Saussure, Ferdinand de Descartes, René, 16–17, 25, 26 Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 56 discourse, xi, 10, 14, 15, 18, 21–24, 30–33, 36–38, 42–50, 54–55, 57–59, 252; and art, 54; and class, 109, 114; and gender, 43, 122; modernist, 122; and nation, 58, 152; and race, 89, 152; and science, 127; in Soy Cuba, 260, 262, 265–266 discursive communities, 24, 31, 33, 46 discursive constructs, 106 Disney, Walt, 228–230 Doña Bárbara (Gallegos), 201–219 Doña Bárbara (in Doña Bárbara), 203, 207–208 Donald Duck, in The Three Caballeros, 229–236 Don Juan (Byron), 19–20 Don Quixote (Cervantes), 44 Don Quixote, 256 double consciousness, 174 dualism, 157 Dussel, Enrique, 154, 172 index 343 Echeverría, Esteban, 172 Eco, Umberto, 158 Edwards, John, 106 El Inca. See Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca empiricism, 41 Encoding/Decoding (Hall), 12 English canon. See canon Enlightenment, 105, 134, 148, 170 episteme, xi equal rights, 11 Esguerra, Jorge Cañizares. See Cañizares Esguerra, Jorge Esquivel, Alexis, 251 Esquivel, Laura, 29, 30 essence, 27–32, 43, 59, 107, 118, 260, 263, 266 essentialism, 17, 27, 31, 37, 41, 43–50, 51–58, 88, 105; in Como agua para chocolate (Arau), 286–302 essentialists, 41, 43, 49, 52, 54–55, 59, 74, 82, 84, 119, 130, 135, 137 ethnicity, 75, 83–85, 92, 98, 99, 100, 101; new, 77; old, 77, 85 ethnography, 12 Facundo: civilización y barbarie. See Civilization and Barbarism (Sarmiento) Facundo Quiroga, Juan, 190 Fanon, Frantz, 82 Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process (Talcott), 128 Félix, María, 205 femininity, 42, 43, 95, 126, 130 feminism, 12, 120, 121; debated in Como agua para chocolate, 286–302 feminists, 120, 121
344 index Fernández Retamar, Roberto, 35, 164 fi lm: and magical realism, 286–302; and popular belief, 228; and portrayal of Hispanics, 228–229 Fishburne, Laurence, 13 Flor silvestre (Fernández), 297–300 food, in Como agua para chocolate, 286–302 Foster, Harry, 65–75 Foucault, Michel, 19, 24, 80, 129, 153, 174 foundational fi ction, 203, 210–219 Fowler, Will, xiii Fox Keller, Evelyn, 167 Framing the Sign (Culler), 54 Frankfurt School, 170 Freire, Paulo, 35 French Revolution, 110, 134 Freud, Sigmund, 26, 43, 78, 126, 130, 159, 333 Fuss, Diana, 17 Gadea, Hilda, 255 Galle, Theodor, 5 Gallegos, Rómulo, xii, 201–218 García, Bonnie, 30 García Bernal, Gael, 247 García Canclini, Néstor, 35, 37 García Márquez, Gabriel, 32, 147, 150, 160, 302 Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca, 55, 58 Garfi nkle, Harold, 123, 124 Garro, Elena, xii, 247, 269–285 Gaucho, 191, 198–199 gender, 104, 106, 108–135, 149; in Celsa’s World, 323; construction of, 43, 122; and essence, 27, 31, 118, 120, 121, 124–126, 130; and fi lm, 228; in “La culpa de los Tlaxcaltecas,” 269–272; and modernists, 27; and performance, 43; and roles, 43; in Soy Cuba, 260–266 generation of ’28, 202 global designs, 174 globalism, 15 Gobineau, Arthur de, 136–143 God’s will, 11 Goffman, Erving, 123 gnosis, 153 Grammatology, 174, 176 Gramsci, Antonio, 36 Granado, Alberto, 241, 247, 267 Granma (boat), 240, 255 gravity, 9, 17 Gringo in Mañana-land (Foster), 65, 66 Great Chain of Being, 11 Guevara, Che, xii, 237–268; asthma, 248, 253, 254, 255, 257; farewell to Fidel, 258; Motorcycle Diaries, 237–252; On Guerrilla Warfare, 241; Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, 256 Guillén, Nicolás, 164 Guillermoprieto, Alma, 250–259 Haitian Revolution, 172 Hall Stuart, 12, 36, 37–38, 74–86, 122, 137, 153, 175, 212, 310 Haraway, Donna, 167 “Harsh Angel” (Guillermoprieto), 250–259 Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 19 hegemony, xi, 55, 111, 113, 138, 144, 145, 152, 230 Heimann, Jim, 7 hermeneuticians. See essentialists hermeneutics, xi, 17, 20, 43–50, 52, 53. See also biblical hermeneutics; semiotics high art, 13 History of the Conquest of New Spain (Díaz de Castillo), 56 heresy, 58 Hoffman, Dustin, 123 Holocaust, 92 Holmes, Sherlock, 21, 44 How to Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic (Dorfman and Mattelart), 236
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