THE UNITY OF IDENTITY AND DIFFERENCE AS THE ...

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structure of judgment, in Chapters Three and Four, showed how the structure of judgment rests upon the unity of the sense in which the subject is the predicate (identity), and the sense in which the subject is not the predicate (difference). In the context of the structure of judgment, I showed how the problem of the unity of identity and difference can be restated as (a) the problem of the unity of connection and distinction and as (b) the problem of the unity of synthesis and analysis. These reformulations of the phrase helped to forge further connections between Hegel’s text and the central phrase of my interpretation, “the unity of identity and difference.” Chapters One through Four presented a systematic reconstruction, an explanation, and at least a partial defense of Hegel’s ontology in terms of the phrase, “the unity of identity and difference.” In contrast to the explanatory and justificatory function of these chapters, this chapter has a more straightforwardly exegetical function. It will demonstrate (1) the central role that the unity of identity and difference plays in Hegel’s philosophy, particularly in his earlier essays from the Jena period. 213 It will also illustrate (2) the way that Hegel formulates a vast range of problems in terms of this phrase. 214 Section Two will briefly examine Hegel and Schelling’s conception of the absolute in relation to identity and difference. In the essays discussed in this chapter, Hegel’s emphases on certain phrases, such as “identity,” “difference,” “unity,” and 213 The essays examined in this chapter were all published between 1801 and 1803. 214 In contrast to the previous chapters, this chapter will leave many of Hegel’s terms more or less “untranslated.” This is not to say that I will leave the terms in German, but rather that I will not seek to clarify each term before proceeding. The chapters in the body of the dissertation attempted to express Hegel’s theses and his various arguments with the highest possible degree of clarity and precision. While this procedure has many advantages, it often at least partially obscures the relation to the text. By contrast, this chapter seeks to connect a number of hypothesis and themes from the previous chapters with a host of terminological variations in Hegel’s texts. Often this has required me to write a bit like Hegel, to introduce a host of terms without specifying their exact meaning, and to present claims without providing the otherwise requisite justification. 219
“plurality,” clearly demonstrates the influence of Schelling upon Hegel. At the same time, as I argue in Section Two, there are a number of important differences between the positions of Schelling and Hegel, differences that can be seen as early as 1801. Section Three will examine a few key passages from Jacobi’s work, Über das Unternehmen des Kritizismus, die Vernunft zu Verstande zu bringen. 215 In these passages, Jacobi identifies the relationship between unity and plurality – or synthesis and analysis – as the central problem or mystery of philosophy. 216 In Glauben und Wissen, Hegel discusses Jacobi’s essay, and he specifically focuses on the passages that address the relationship between unity and plurality. This brief examination of selected passages from Jacobi’s essay thus provides historical precedent for Hegel’s emphasis on the problem of identity and difference. In Sections Four through Seven, I will examine crucial variations of the phrase, “the unity of identity and difference,” as they appear in the “Systemfragment von 1800” (Section 4), the Differenzschrift (Section 5), Glauben und Wissen (Section 6), and Hegel’s essay on natural right (Section 7). Various passages from these earlier essays should demonstrate the centrality and the flexibility of the problematic of the unity of identity and difference. 215 In this work, Jacobi criticizes what he sees as Kant’s attempt to explain reason in terms of the understanding, to explain the unconditioned in terms of the conditioned. Jacobi holds that we can only grasp the conditioned in light of the unconditioned, the understanding in terms of reason. Moreover, he argues that the converse is not possible. In other words, we cannot conceive the unconditioned in terms of the conditioned, nor can we conceive reason in terms of the understanding. This point also proves central in Hegel’s philosophy, though Hegel does not agree with the conclusion that Jacobi draws from it. Jacobi concludes that since we cannot conceive the unconditioned in terms of the conditioned, we cannot conceive the unconditioned. It remains, on his view, a mystery. Hegel, by contrast, believes that speculation or reason allows us to grasp the unconditioned. 216 We’ve already seen how Hegel sometimes states the problem of the unity of identity and difference in terms of (a) the problem of the unity of connection and distinction, and (b) the problem of the unity of synthesis and analysis. In this chapter, we will also see how he states the problem in terms of the unity of the one and the many, or the unity of unity and plurality. These particular statements of the problem help to connect Hegel’s discussion with the terms employed by Jacobi. 220
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THE UNITY OF IDENTITY AND DIFFERENC
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Michael Eugene Morris in terms of c
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1.1) Preliminary Remarks………
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7) Essay on Natural Right: The Unit
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interpret these issues as an expres
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even “naively metaphysical.” 4
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immanent metaphysics. Insofar as He
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consciousness.” 13 Thus the Scien
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all genuine objects consist in some
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This section does not explain the m
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transitions from abstract right to
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The second moment of the will is th
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self as “pure infinity,” thus d
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will and the third part of the book
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3.2) The Notion: Substance as Subje
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is movement towards a “purpose.
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Therefore he argues we must replace
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judgment of the plant. The illustra
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the Encyclopedia, Hegel describes t
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colorful - but ultimately justified
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constituted in terms of the same ba
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provides the basic categories in te
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3.5) The “I” as Instantiation o
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of the self are genuine moments rat
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moments of the will. With regard to
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Before examining these issues, we s
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the third moment of the will, the m
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1.1) Preliminary Remarks CHAPTER TW
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certain traditional conceptions of
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conception that considers a thing a
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thing is “nothing.” Thus Bradle
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crucial ways. 71 Moreover, we are n
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From this brief survey, the followi
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If we can think of the thing’s qu
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and concrete, each object strives t
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different ways as his philosophy pr
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insists that truth comes in degrees
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necessary, therefore, if we use the
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Hegel believes that truth and falsi
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Hegel even insists that physical an
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2.4) The Degrees of Truth Ascribed
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more developed form of unity. A spe
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instantiated. The tree has thousand
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proximate truth of that from which
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higher kinds. The most general univ
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the solution. The next highest kind
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In the most general and abstract te
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The unity of identity and differenc
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of identity and difference, reason
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evident in the processes of life. M
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In accordance with the interpretati
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Third, we have the moment that unit
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category of ontology helps to make
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CHAPTER THREE THE NATURE OF GENUINE
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Our discussion of these phenomena s
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Two will briefly consider Hegel sol
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2.2) Difference, Identity, and Unit
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The second and third moments distin
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The moments of identity and differe
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The structure of judgment presents
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is red.” In this judgment, the su
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“identity” and “connection.
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interpretation assumes that “is
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judgments present the most develope
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emains unclear. However, it should
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speculation grasps the unity that u
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that is also a connecting. Thus jud
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Judgment obviously involves two men
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option presents judgment as the res
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5.4) Judgment Considered as a Serie
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we must carefully distinguish betwe
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all into the abyss of vacuity witho
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divides and articulates that which,
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5.5) Judgment Considered as a Serie
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as (b) a process that starts with u
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The essential requirement for the s
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Through this progress [which is als
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inhere in this substance. Thus we c
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conversely, the understanding const
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1) Introduction CHAPTER FOUR THE NA
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consider judgment as a series of ac
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Each judgment contains two obvious
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then there would be no basis for di
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In order to grasp the structure of
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In order to grasp the structure of
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corresponds to the way the object i
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contradicts it, this is to be recog
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Page 207 and 208: In Quote 2 Hegel argues from the ex
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Page 235 and 236: 3) Jacobi: The Mysterious Unity of
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In an article entitled, “The basi
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the fundamental rights and interest
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ealize the kind of self-determinati
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The hermeneutic process illustrates
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necessary condition for the possibi
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So each stage of the dialectic incl
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In the following passage, Hegel cha
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“Sittlichkeit” presents the uni
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Hegel’s discussion of civil socie
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The standpoint of civil society see
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Civil society also rests upon the d
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can be defined in terms of some bio
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different from others. The desire t
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civil society. 330 The final senten
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point even more forcefully in his d
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Hegel’s view, the contradictions
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which the individual participates,
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argument, and on the basis of this
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HEGEL'S WORKS BIBLIOGRAPHY Werke. F
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Fulda, Hans Friedrich. (1978) “He
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Neuhouser, Frederick. (2000) Founda
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