THE UNITY OF IDENTITY AND DIFFERENCE AS THE ...

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Logic and the Encyclopedia, should provide crucial insights into what Hegel means when he characterizes the will as the unity of the universal and the particular, as the unity of the infinite and the finite, and as the unity of the indeterminate and the determinate. These structures of the will are the structures of the notion, and they must be understood in relation to Hegel’s development of the notion. Section 3.2 introduces the notion as Hegel’s attempt to conceive the substance as subject, as his attempt to re-conceive more traditional doctrines of substance in terms of categories normally associated with the subject. Section 3.3 briefly shows how various kinds of things, from the most basic considerations of matter qua matter to plant life and ultimately the self, display the structure of the notion. Section 3.4 examines Hegel’s remarks about the historical origin of his conception of the notion. It briefly examines the relationship between Kant’s doctrine of apperception and the structure of the notion. Section 3.5 presents Hegel’s account of the basic structure of the “I,” considered with regards to its cognitive or theoretical activity. The structures that determine the cognitive activities of the self are the same as the structures that determine the practical activities of the self – i.e. the structures that constitute the moments of the will. This section also introduces the problem of the unity of identity and difference, the problem from which Hegel ultimately develops his account of the notion. Finally, section 3.6 provides further textual evidence for the claim that the will instantiates the structure of the notion. 21
3.2) The Notion: Substance as Subject The term “notion” designates Hegel’s alternative to certain traditional conceptions of substance. 34 As early as the Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel announces that philosophy must conceive the substance as subject. This slogan proclaims his project of re-conceiving the substance in terms of structures normally associated with consciousness or subjectivity. In the Introduction to the Phenomenology, Hegel says “everything turns on grasping and expressing the True, not only as Substance, but equally as Subject.” 35 In the same way that Leibniz employs mental categories such as perception and appetition 34 There is a certain degree of ambiguity in the way that Hegel uses the term “notion.” Sometimes he uses it to express the telos or form that dwells in, but is still distinct from, the particularizing matter. In this sense, the notion must be distinguished from the idea. In contrast to this first sense of the term “notion,” Hegel uses the term “idea” to designate the concrete object as the unity of particularizing matter and form. It is with regards to this first sense of the term “notion,” that Hegel says, “the Notion as such is not yet complete, but must rise to the Idea which alone is the unity of the Notion and reality (Science of Logic, 587). We can see the same sense of the term “notion” in the following passage: “The subject [of the assertoric judgment] is a concrete individual in general, and the predicate expresses this same as the relation of its actuality, determinateness, or constitution to its Notion (This house is bad, this action is good.) More precisely, therefore, it involves (a) that the subject ought to be something; its universal nature has posited itself as the self-subsistent Notion; and (b) on account of its express differentiation from its selfsubsistent universal nature, appears as an external existence with such and such a constitution” (Science of Logic, 659). Here we have three basic moments: (1) the object in its particular constitution, (2) the universal instantiated in the object, and the (3) the object as an individual that unites the universal and the particular. Hegel claims that in an assertoric judgment, the subject presents the individual as the unity of the universal norm and the differentiating particulars, while the predicate expresses the relation between the particulars and the notion using evaluative terms like “good,” or “bad.” In this passage Hegel links the term “notion” with the term “universal.” In this context, the term “idea” would express the unity of the notion and the particularizing matter in which it is instantiated. At other times, however, Hegel uses the terms “notion” and “idea” interchangeably. In this second sense of the term “notion,” Hegel takes the notion as the unity of the universal and the particular, or, more accurately, as the entirety of the universalparticular-individual relation. This sense of the term can be seen in the following passages: “This universal Notion, which have now to consider here, contains the three moments: universality, particularity and individuality” (Science of Logic, p. 600). And: “Because the Notion is a totality, and therefore in its universality or pure identical self-relation is essentially a determining and a distinguishing, it therefore contains within itself the standard by which this form of its self-identity, in pervading and embracing all the moments, no less immediately determines itself to be only the universal over against the distinguishedness of the moments” (Science of Logic, 600). The first quote explains the notion as the totality of universality (norm), particularity (differentiating matter), and individuality (unity of first two terms). In this dissertation, I generally use the term “notion” in this second sense. In the second passage, which I find somewhat opaque, Hegel explains the relation between these two senses of the notion. He explains how the notion is both the “totality” of these three moments and the “universal” as one particular moment. Presumably this explains the ambiguity in his use of the term “notion.” 35 Phenomenology of Spirit, p. 10. 22
Page 1 and 2: THE UNITY OF IDENTITY AND DIFFERENC
Page 3 and 4: Michael Eugene Morris in terms of c
Page 5 and 6: 1.1) Preliminary Remarks………
Page 7 and 8: 7) Essay on Natural Right: The Unit
Page 9 and 10: interpret these issues as an expres
Page 11 and 12: even “naively metaphysical.” 4
Page 13 and 14: immanent metaphysics. Insofar as He
Page 15 and 16: consciousness.” 13 Thus the Scien
Page 17 and 18: all genuine objects consist in some
Page 19 and 20: This section does not explain the m
Page 21 and 22: transitions from abstract right to
Page 23 and 24: The second moment of the will is th
Page 25 and 26: self as “pure infinity,” thus d
Page 27: will and the third part of the book
Page 31 and 32: is movement towards a “purpose.
Page 33 and 34: Therefore he argues we must replace
Page 35 and 36: judgment of the plant. The illustra
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Page 41 and 42: constituted in terms of the same ba
Page 43 and 44: provides the basic categories in te
Page 45 and 46: 3.5) The “I” as Instantiation o
Page 47 and 48: of the self are genuine moments rat
Page 49 and 50: moments of the will. With regard to
Page 51 and 52: Before examining these issues, we s
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Page 55 and 56: 1.1) Preliminary Remarks CHAPTER TW
Page 57 and 58: certain traditional conceptions of
Page 59 and 60: conception that considers a thing a
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Hegel even insists that physical an
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2.4) The Degrees of Truth Ascribed
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more developed form of unity. A spe
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instantiated. The tree has thousand
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proximate truth of that from which
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higher kinds. The most general univ
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the solution. The next highest kind
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In the most general and abstract te
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The unity of identity and differenc
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of identity and difference, reason
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evident in the processes of life. M
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In accordance with the interpretati
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Third, we have the moment that unit
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category of ontology helps to make
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CHAPTER THREE THE NATURE OF GENUINE
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Our discussion of these phenomena s
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Two will briefly consider Hegel sol
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2.2) Difference, Identity, and Unit
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The second and third moments distin
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The moments of identity and differe
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The structure of judgment presents
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is red.” In this judgment, the su
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“identity” and “connection.
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interpretation assumes that “is
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judgments present the most develope
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emains unclear. However, it should
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speculation grasps the unity that u
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that is also a connecting. Thus jud
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Judgment obviously involves two men
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option presents judgment as the res
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5.4) Judgment Considered as a Serie
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we must carefully distinguish betwe
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all into the abyss of vacuity witho
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divides and articulates that which,
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5.5) Judgment Considered as a Serie
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as (b) a process that starts with u
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The essential requirement for the s
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Through this progress [which is als
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inhere in this substance. Thus we c
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conversely, the understanding const
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1) Introduction CHAPTER FOUR THE NA
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consider judgment as a series of ac
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Each judgment contains two obvious
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then there would be no basis for di
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In order to grasp the structure of
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In order to grasp the structure of
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corresponds to the way the object i
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contradicts it, this is to be recog
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make between different features of
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Here Hegel considers a conception o
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determining the exact nature of the
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moment of analysis. Moreover, we sa
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conception of the substance as subj
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says: “Only this self-restoring s
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elation to the unity that constitut
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instantiate their telos fully. Or,
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inextricably entwined with its othe
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epresentation to all objects. Moreo
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telos, and the telos can only be co
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experience in which certain things
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In this passage, Hegel speaks of th
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make it “an independent object”
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prior to our cognitive awareness of
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inarticulate norms or categories. A
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In Quote 2 Hegel argues from the ex
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unity to be analyzed, not as a plur
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In Hegel’s description of the act
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to the world. This means that the m
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Ultimately, the misleading nature o
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English language - that provide her
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of experience. These are changes in
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5.8) No Discrete Plurality Given Pr
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1) Introduction CHAPTER FIVE THE UN
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identity and difference. In other w
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“plurality,” clearly demonstrat
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In the Darstellung meines Systems d
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difference must also be accepted.
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Schelling construes difference as m
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3) Jacobi: The Mysterious Unity of
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Only a determinate can determine an
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original unity (Urgemeinschaft) is
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object. In contrast to Jacobi, howe
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particular. I argued that the struc
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In the Systemfragment Hegel also de
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plurality as the problem of graspin
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present various ways of unifying th
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There is a second, more important r
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The following passages summarizes m
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apparently contradictory moments in
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apperception, actually provides the
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As he also states elsewhere in his
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view, Kant fails to recognize the f
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Here we see the basic structure of
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see further a connection between th
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issues and the views of his two pre
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difference illuminate, explain, and
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chapters could enrich and further s
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illustrates the alternative concept
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Philosophy of Right. Here we can im
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In an article entitled, “The basi
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the fundamental rights and interest
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ealize the kind of self-determinati
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The hermeneutic process illustrates
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necessary condition for the possibi
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So each stage of the dialectic incl
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In the following passage, Hegel cha
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“Sittlichkeit” presents the uni
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Hegel’s discussion of civil socie
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The standpoint of civil society see
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Civil society also rests upon the d
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can be defined in terms of some bio
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different from others. The desire t
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civil society. 330 The final senten
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point even more forcefully in his d
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Hegel’s view, the contradictions
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which the individual participates,
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argument, and on the basis of this
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HEGEL'S WORKS BIBLIOGRAPHY Werke. F
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Fulda, Hans Friedrich. (1978) “He
Page 317 and 318:
Neuhouser, Frederick. (2000) Founda
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