Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL and KLAUS WEBER how swiftly the spatial patterns of the commercial networks adapted to economic and macro-political changes. A graph showing rising immigration rates for German merchants in Cadiz and Bordeaux from the late seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth indicates dynamic growth of German trade in these places, in particular during the 1770s and 1780s. During this period, the communities in Cadiz and Bordeaux grew considerably (see Figure 3.5). The situation changed dramatically when the Atlantic revolutions struck both port cities. The Spanish and the French networks of German trading families were doomed with the loss of Spanish and French Atlantic colonies. With Spanish American countries becoming independent and Saint-Domingue lost as a result of the Haitian Revo - lution, places such as Bordeaux and Cadiz immediately lost their role as springboards to overseas colonies. In Bordeaux, the outbreak of the French Revolution caused a sharp demographic decline in all communities of foreigners. Only those German merchants who had invested in rural and urban property, probably no more than a dozen, survived the crisis. In Cadiz, the decline was somewhat delayed, but because of a lack of alternative investment opportunities such as were available in Bordeaux, for example, the ultimate impact was even harsher. By around 1815, apart from the above-mentioned Bohemian firms, only three of the larger German textile trading houses were still there. 93 Migration to Britain also increased during the last quarter of the eighteenth century. Given the lack of any immigration controls before the outbreak of the French Revolution, no estimates are possible. With reference to London, Figure 3.5 reflects only the wealthy elite of migrants who could afford the cost of naturalization by private act of Parliament. 94 Their numbers remained fairly constant throughout the eighteenth century, except for a sharp rise during the last decade. 93 Weber, Deutsche Kaufleute, 151–2. 94 On the history of naturalization and denization see Schulte Beerbühl, Deut - sche Kaufleute, ch. 1 and ead., ‘British Nationality Policy as a Counter-Revo - lutionary Strategy during the Napoleonic Wars: The Emergence of Modern Naturalization Regulations’, in Andreas Fahrmeir, Oliver Faron, and Patrick Weil (eds.), Migration Control in the North Atlantic World (Oxford, 2003), 55–70. 96
From Westphalia to the Caribbean Figure 3.5 Migration of German merchants to Cadiz, London, and Bordeaux, 1710–1810 (number of individuals arrived and settled per decade) 97
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Cosmopolitan Networks
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce a
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FOREWORD The present volume is the
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CONTENTS 7. Meeting Friends and Doi
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Region of origin
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL economic
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Humboldt,
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL tant in t
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Cosmopoli
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL only cosm
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL highly vo
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL often reg
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL competito
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MARK CASSON ciently radical, howeve
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MARK CASSON Taking an instrumental
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MARK CASSON tion, directly or indir
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MARK CASSON ● Counselling and car
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MARK CASSON communities established
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MARK CASSON III. Basic Concepts of
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MARK CASSON A failure in any link w
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MARK CASSON may use an independent
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MARK CASSON the two-way flows of in
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MARK CASSON The consequences of emb
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MARK CASSON each entrepreneur. Havi
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MARK CASSON Fig. 2.4a Stylized view
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MARK CASSON Efficiency of communica
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MARK CASSON effect changes in it. S
Page 56 and 57: MARK CASSON cal trade network, for
Page 58 and 59: MARK CASSON Membership of one netwo
Page 61: PART I Geographies of Commercial Ne
Page 64 and 65: MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL and KLAUS
Page 110 and 111: BRADLEY D. NARANCH Like so many res
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Page 114 and 115: BRADLEY D. NARANCH much earlier tha
Page 116 and 117: BRADLEY D. NARANCH A networked appr
Page 118 and 119: BRADLEY D. NARANCH Rhineland—to d
Page 120 and 121: BRADLEY D. NARANCH commercial partn
Page 122 and 123: BRADLEY D. NARANCH The Brazilian ex
Page 124 and 125: BRADLEY D. NARANCH Hamburg’s comm
Page 126 and 127: BRADLEY D. NARANCH and it was direc
Page 128 and 129: BRADLEY D. NARANCH begun by French
Page 130 and 131: BRADLEY D. NARANCH prospered in are
Page 132 and 133: BRADLEY D. NARANCH Germany in 1886,
Page 134 and 135: BRADLEY D. NARANCH One such busines
Page 136 and 137: BRADLEY D. NARANCH For the larger m
Page 138 and 139: BRADLEY D. NARANCH Only those natio
Page 140 and 141: BRADLEY D. NARANCH empire fostered
Page 142 and 143: BRADLEY D. NARANCH politan traditio
Page 144 and 145: HELEN DOE tured on an international
Page 146 and 147: HELEN DOE guaranteed scheduled depa
Page 148 and 149: HELEN DOE Falmouth is a lively one:
Page 150 and 151: HELEN DOE ing and risk-reduction in
Page 152 and 153: HELEN DOE voyage cost going on wage
Page 154 and 155: HELEN DOE Table 5.2 Ports of call o
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HELEN DOE instructions on where to
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HELEN DOE Table 5.3 Shares owned by
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HELEN DOE with same ship during his
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6 The Jewish Consuls in the Mediter
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Jewish Consuls in the Mediterranean
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7 Meeting Friends and Doing Busines
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Quaker Missionary and Commercial Ac
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FRANK HATJE der Smissen, on whose b
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FRANK HATJE simple reason that ‘t
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FRANK HATJE itan, and if cosmopolit
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FRANK HATJE families in Lancashire,
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FRANK HATJE finally, the Deutsche C
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FRANK HATJE almost exclusively from
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FRANK HATJE preacher from the Lamis
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FRANK HATJE Limitations and Opportu
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FRANK HATJE The firm which Hinrich
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FRANK HATJE edge, this also contrib
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FRANK HATJE and Paris before return
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FRANK HATJE dam branch of the famil
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FRANK HATJE Spreading the Gospel: F
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FRANK HATJE another 296,000 marks.
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9 German Entrepreneurial Networks a
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German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
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MONIKA POETTINGER and to maintain t
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10 Gunpowder Manufacturers and the
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Gunpowder Manufacturers and the Off
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PART IV Networks and Problems
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that networks
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY works in the A
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ing trust, the
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY transgression
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Key: Strong ti
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Blundell & Rai
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ford & Co., an
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY between the ar
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that the relat
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Jamaica, and w
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY wrote to Chaff
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY sonal comments
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY More important
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CAROLYN DOWNS nities available to e
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CAROLYN DOWNS increasing market for
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CAROLYN DOWNS ure of acquainting yo
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CAROLYN DOWNS may be a reason for E
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CAROLYN DOWNS his parents’ ill he
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CAROLYN DOWNS teen letters that wer
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CAROLYN DOWNS from outside his exis
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CAROLYN DOWNS The Liverpool Problem
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CAROLYN DOWNS island; cou’d wish
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CAROLYN DOWNS the town would earn
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CAROLYN DOWNS illustrative of the e
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CAROLYN DOWNS It is estimated that
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CAROLYN DOWNS Network Development a
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CAROLYN DOWNS today. Bills of excha
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CAROLYN DOWNS News from Eccleston
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CAROLYN DOWNS sels as well as rapid
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CAROLYN DOWNS as the year ended, Ec
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NOTES ON EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS M
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Notes on Contributors SÜNNE JUTERC
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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