Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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Table 9.6 Members of Deutscher Hilfsverein Mailand grouped by profession Profession 1885 1887 Hotelier 1 3 Banker 4 5 Procurator 3 Merchant in: luxury goods 2 4 common goods 3 5 TOTAL 5 9 Representative and Commissioner in chemicals 1 2 in machines and 3 3 mechanical devices in textiles 4 4 in manufactures 2 generic goods 9 24 TOTAL 19 33 Entrepreneur mechanical sector 2 textile sector 1 2 lithographic sector 1 3 chemical sector 1 other 6 TOTAL 3 13 290
MONIKA POETTINGER and to maintain the German cultural heritage in the generations born outside Germany. 115 To these ends financial help was provided to families in need, and the association funded and supported the German School in Milan. 116 The association’s list of members is interesting, reflecting as it does the composition of the German community in Milan (see Table 9.6). The minority of descendants of the first German immigrants, now in the third or fourth generation, was joined by a majority of commercial representatives of German firms and a number of entrepreneurs. This last group grew most significantly in the years under consideration here because representatives and commissioners often founded enterprises of their own, while immigrant engineers, who were now qualified managers in local enterprises, eventually founded their own firms. International trade and technical qualifications thus once again gave rise to entrepreneurial activity and innovation on the part of Ger man immigrants. The continued importing of technological know ledge, entrepreneurial skill, and financial capital arising from the operation of merchant networks and reinforced by the web of relations created locally by the first immigrants meant that by the end of the century, Lombardy was able to overcome its comparative industrial disadvantage. Conclusion Trade, as defined by the flow of goods, limited Lombardy to an enriching agricultural specialization throughout the nineteenth century. Growing exports of silk, cheese, and wheat guaranteed a rate of profit which was not comparable with that generated by manufacturing, thus attracting capital and entrepreneurial capabilities. To reverse this economic trend required active state intervention, entrepreneurial migrations, and supportive merchant networks. Entrepreneurial migrations followed the lure of government protection on trade routes set up by merchants. Thus specialized capabilities and entrepreneurial spirit were brought to Lombardy where 115 Satzungen des Deutschen Hilfsvereins in Mailand (Milan, 1890). 116 Erika Pichler (ed.), Deutsche Schule Mailand 1886–1986: Festschrift zum hun - dert jährigen Bestehen (Bolzano, 1986). 291
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Cosmopolitan Networks
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce a
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FOREWORD The present volume is the
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CONTENTS 7. Meeting Friends and Doi
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Region of origin
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL economic
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Humboldt,
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL tant in t
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Cosmopoli
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL only cosm
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL highly vo
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL often reg
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL competito
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MARK CASSON ciently radical, howeve
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MARK CASSON Taking an instrumental
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MARK CASSON tion, directly or indir
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MARK CASSON ● Counselling and car
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MARK CASSON communities established
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MARK CASSON III. Basic Concepts of
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MARK CASSON A failure in any link w
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MARK CASSON may use an independent
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MARK CASSON the two-way flows of in
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MARK CASSON The consequences of emb
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MARK CASSON each entrepreneur. Havi
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MARK CASSON Fig. 2.4a Stylized view
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MARK CASSON Efficiency of communica
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MARK CASSON effect changes in it. S
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MARK CASSON cal trade network, for
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MARK CASSON Membership of one netwo
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PART I Geographies of Commercial Ne
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL and KLAUS
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Like so many res
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH senator in 1912
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH much earlier tha
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH A networked appr
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Rhineland—to d
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH commercial partn
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH The Brazilian ex
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Hamburg’s comm
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH and it was direc
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH begun by French
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH prospered in are
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Germany in 1886,
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH One such busines
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH For the larger m
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Only those natio
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH empire fostered
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH politan traditio
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HELEN DOE tured on an international
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HELEN DOE guaranteed scheduled depa
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HELEN DOE Falmouth is a lively one:
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HELEN DOE ing and risk-reduction in
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HELEN DOE voyage cost going on wage
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HELEN DOE Table 5.2 Ports of call o
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HELEN DOE instructions on where to
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HELEN DOE Table 5.3 Shares owned by
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HELEN DOE with same ship during his
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6 The Jewish Consuls in the Mediter
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Jewish Consuls in the Mediterranean
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7 Meeting Friends and Doing Busines
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Quaker Missionary and Commercial Ac
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FRANK HATJE der Smissen, on whose b
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FRANK HATJE simple reason that ‘t
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FRANK HATJE itan, and if cosmopolit
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FRANK HATJE families in Lancashire,
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FRANK HATJE finally, the Deutsche C
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FRANK HATJE almost exclusively from
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FRANK HATJE preacher from the Lamis
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FRANK HATJE Limitations and Opportu
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FRANK HATJE The firm which Hinrich
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FRANK HATJE edge, this also contrib
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Page 259 and 260: 9 German Entrepreneurial Networks a
Page 261 and 262: German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
Page 299: German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
Page 303 and 304: 10 Gunpowder Manufacturers and the
Page 305 and 306: Gunpowder Manufacturers and the Off
Page 325: PART IV Networks and Problems
Page 328 and 329: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that networks
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Page 332 and 333: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ing trust, the
Page 334 and 335: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY transgression
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Page 338 and 339: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Blundell & Rai
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Page 346 and 347: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Jamaica, and w
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY sonal comments
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY More important
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CAROLYN DOWNS nities available to e
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CAROLYN DOWNS increasing market for
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CAROLYN DOWNS ure of acquainting yo
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CAROLYN DOWNS may be a reason for E
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CAROLYN DOWNS his parents’ ill he
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CAROLYN DOWNS teen letters that wer
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CAROLYN DOWNS from outside his exis
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CAROLYN DOWNS The Liverpool Problem
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CAROLYN DOWNS island; cou’d wish
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CAROLYN DOWNS the town would earn
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CAROLYN DOWNS illustrative of the e
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CAROLYN DOWNS It is estimated that
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CAROLYN DOWNS Network Development a
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CAROLYN DOWNS today. Bills of excha
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CAROLYN DOWNS News from Eccleston
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CAROLYN DOWNS sels as well as rapid
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CAROLYN DOWNS as the year ended, Ec
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NOTES ON EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS M
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Notes on Contributors SÜNNE JUTERC
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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