Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL competitors in a common market. In her essay on West India merchants, Carolyn Downs explains the importance of a wide range of weak ties which made survival possible in an adverse environment when parts of the network failed, were destroyed, or closed by others. 16
2 Networks in Economic and Business History: A Theoretical Perspective MARK CASSON I. Introduction 1. Networks as an Inter-Disciplinary Subject Networks are everywhere. In physics, there are electrical circuits; in civil engineering, structures like bridge trusses; in information technology there are telephones and the internet; while in geography there are transport systems, such as motorways and railway systems. Agri - culture and industry depend upon distribution systems (pipe lines, electricity grids) and disposal systems (drainage ditches, sewage systems). In biology, the brain is analysed as a network of neurons, and in anthropology, family networks are created and sustained through reproduction. Economists refer to networks of trade, investment, and technology transfer when discussing international and inter-regional resource flows. Sociologists analyse social groups in terms of interpersonal networks, and use network effects to explain ‘chain migration’ flows, whilst business strategists analyse networks of strategic alliances between firms. Networks are a powerful way of understanding the historical evolution of economic and social institutions. Institutions are often analysed in terms of firms, markets, and the state. 1 Networks are then introduced as a fourth type of institution. This approach is not suffi- I am grateful to Margrit Schulte-Beerbühl, Paloma Fernandez Perez, Mary Rose, Marina Della Giusta, Zella King, and Bob Jessop for comments on earl - ier drafts of this essay. Useful comments were also received at the GHIL Seminar at which the earliest version of this paper was presented. 1 See Douglas C. North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York, 1981). 17
Page 1 and 2: Cosmopolitan Networks
Page 3 and 4: Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce a
Page 5: FOREWORD The present volume is the
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS 7. Meeting Friends and Doi
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Region of origin
Page 12 and 13: MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL economic
Page 14 and 15: MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Humboldt,
Page 16 and 17: MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL tant in t
Page 18 and 19: MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Cosmopoli
Page 20 and 21: MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL only cosm
Page 22 and 23: MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL highly vo
Page 24 and 25: MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL often reg
Page 28 and 29: MARK CASSON ciently radical, howeve
Page 30 and 31: MARK CASSON Taking an instrumental
Page 32 and 33: MARK CASSON tion, directly or indir
Page 34 and 35: MARK CASSON ● Counselling and car
Page 36 and 37: MARK CASSON communities established
Page 38 and 39: MARK CASSON III. Basic Concepts of
Page 40 and 41: MARK CASSON A failure in any link w
Page 42 and 43: MARK CASSON may use an independent
Page 44 and 45: MARK CASSON the two-way flows of in
Page 46 and 47: MARK CASSON The consequences of emb
Page 48 and 49: MARK CASSON each entrepreneur. Havi
Page 50 and 51: MARK CASSON Fig. 2.4a Stylized view
Page 52 and 53: MARK CASSON Efficiency of communica
Page 54 and 55: MARK CASSON effect changes in it. S
Page 56 and 57: MARK CASSON cal trade network, for
Page 58 and 59: MARK CASSON Membership of one netwo
Page 61: PART I Geographies of Commercial Ne
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL and KLAUS
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Like so many res
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH senator in 1912
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH much earlier tha
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH A networked appr
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Rhineland—to d
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH commercial partn
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH The Brazilian ex
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Hamburg’s comm
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH and it was direc
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH begun by French
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH prospered in are
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Germany in 1886,
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH One such busines
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH For the larger m
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Only those natio
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH empire fostered
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH politan traditio
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HELEN DOE tured on an international
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HELEN DOE guaranteed scheduled depa
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HELEN DOE Falmouth is a lively one:
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HELEN DOE ing and risk-reduction in
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HELEN DOE voyage cost going on wage
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HELEN DOE Table 5.2 Ports of call o
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HELEN DOE instructions on where to
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HELEN DOE Table 5.3 Shares owned by
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HELEN DOE with same ship during his
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6 The Jewish Consuls in the Mediter
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Jewish Consuls in the Mediterranean
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7 Meeting Friends and Doing Busines
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Quaker Missionary and Commercial Ac
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FRANK HATJE der Smissen, on whose b
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FRANK HATJE simple reason that ‘t
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FRANK HATJE itan, and if cosmopolit
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FRANK HATJE families in Lancashire,
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FRANK HATJE finally, the Deutsche C
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FRANK HATJE almost exclusively from
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FRANK HATJE preacher from the Lamis
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FRANK HATJE Limitations and Opportu
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FRANK HATJE The firm which Hinrich
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FRANK HATJE edge, this also contrib
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FRANK HATJE and Paris before return
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FRANK HATJE dam branch of the famil
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FRANK HATJE Spreading the Gospel: F
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FRANK HATJE another 296,000 marks.
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9 German Entrepreneurial Networks a
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German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
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MONIKA POETTINGER and to maintain t
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10 Gunpowder Manufacturers and the
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Gunpowder Manufacturers and the Off
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PART IV Networks and Problems
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that networks
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY works in the A
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ing trust, the
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY transgression
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Key: Strong ti
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Blundell & Rai
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ford & Co., an
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY between the ar
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that the relat
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Jamaica, and w
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY wrote to Chaff
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY sonal comments
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY More important
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CAROLYN DOWNS nities available to e
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CAROLYN DOWNS increasing market for
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CAROLYN DOWNS ure of acquainting yo
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CAROLYN DOWNS may be a reason for E
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CAROLYN DOWNS his parents’ ill he
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CAROLYN DOWNS teen letters that wer
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CAROLYN DOWNS from outside his exis
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CAROLYN DOWNS The Liverpool Problem
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CAROLYN DOWNS island; cou’d wish
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CAROLYN DOWNS the town would earn
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CAROLYN DOWNS illustrative of the e
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CAROLYN DOWNS It is estimated that
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CAROLYN DOWNS Network Development a
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CAROLYN DOWNS today. Bills of excha
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CAROLYN DOWNS News from Eccleston
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CAROLYN DOWNS sels as well as rapid
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CAROLYN DOWNS as the year ended, Ec
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NOTES ON EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS M
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Notes on Contributors SÜNNE JUTERC
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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