Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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MONIKA POETTINGER in the Fonderia in ferro ed altri analoghi opifici, the first mechanical manu factory in Milan, also called Elvetica. Recent studies have rehabilitated the reputation of this historical Milanese enterprise, pointing to its innovating role and profitability. 112 The confusing and continuing changes in its direction and name were typical of the limited partnership scheme and not, as has been often thought, a sign of failure. Most silent partners remained faithful to the firm, while directors and general partners changed along with its name. Up to 1879 all the general partners or directors of Elvetica were foreign immigrants, representing human and entrepreneurial capital from France, Switzerland, and Germany. They used the partnership in Elvetica to gather knowledge of the local market and weave networks of trusts with the local business elite; then they usually left the firm to found a venture of their own. This was the case, for example, with the German engineer Bauer and the Swiss engineer Schlegel. Con trary to what happened with Mylius’s participation in the insurance sector, which he used to direct foreign capital to Milan and export high yields, his participation in Elvetica served instead to funnel foreign human and entrepreneurial capital into the city. Both of these effects intensified with the passing of time. Through international networks of merchant origin, foreign capital acquired access to the best investment opportunities, while a foreign workforce, whose migration was fostered by the same networks, occupied the specialized positions created by growing mechanization in all sectors and firms. So pervasive was this foreign intervention that Stefano Iacini wrote in 1856: ‘Foreign capitalists have taken possession of our railways, the navigation of the River Po, and, what is more important, of part of our most important source of trade and industry, silk.’ 113 In fact, there were enough German entrepreneurs in Milan in the last decades of the nineteenth century 114 to justify the establishment in 1871 of the Deutscher Hilfsverein Mailand. This association was founded by Federico Mylius, a descendant of Heinrich, with two principal aims: to help immigrant labourers who ran into problems; 112 On this see Stefania Licini, ‘Dall’Elvetica alla Breda: Alle origini di una grande impresa milanese (1846–1918)’, Società e Storia, 63 (1994). 113 Stefano Iacini, La proprietà fondiaria in Lombardia (Milan, 1856), 273. 114 Anne Schreiber von Oswald, ‘Le iniziative economiche degli imprenditori tedeschi a Milano (1882–1914)’, Annali di storia dell’impresa, 5/6 (1989–90), 269–97. 288
German Entrepreneurs and the Industrialization of Milan Figure 9.3 Shareholders of Compagnia di assicurazione 289
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Cosmopolitan Networks
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce a
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FOREWORD The present volume is the
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CONTENTS 7. Meeting Friends and Doi
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Region of origin
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL economic
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Humboldt,
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL tant in t
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Cosmopoli
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL only cosm
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL highly vo
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL often reg
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL competito
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MARK CASSON ciently radical, howeve
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MARK CASSON Taking an instrumental
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MARK CASSON tion, directly or indir
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MARK CASSON ● Counselling and car
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MARK CASSON communities established
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MARK CASSON III. Basic Concepts of
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MARK CASSON A failure in any link w
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MARK CASSON may use an independent
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MARK CASSON the two-way flows of in
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MARK CASSON The consequences of emb
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MARK CASSON each entrepreneur. Havi
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MARK CASSON Fig. 2.4a Stylized view
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MARK CASSON Efficiency of communica
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MARK CASSON effect changes in it. S
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MARK CASSON cal trade network, for
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MARK CASSON Membership of one netwo
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PART I Geographies of Commercial Ne
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL and KLAUS
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Like so many res
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH senator in 1912
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH much earlier tha
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH A networked appr
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Rhineland—to d
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH commercial partn
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH The Brazilian ex
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Hamburg’s comm
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH and it was direc
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH begun by French
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH prospered in are
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Germany in 1886,
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH One such busines
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH For the larger m
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Only those natio
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH empire fostered
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH politan traditio
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HELEN DOE tured on an international
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HELEN DOE guaranteed scheduled depa
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HELEN DOE Falmouth is a lively one:
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HELEN DOE ing and risk-reduction in
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HELEN DOE voyage cost going on wage
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HELEN DOE Table 5.2 Ports of call o
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HELEN DOE instructions on where to
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HELEN DOE Table 5.3 Shares owned by
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HELEN DOE with same ship during his
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6 The Jewish Consuls in the Mediter
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Jewish Consuls in the Mediterranean
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7 Meeting Friends and Doing Busines
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Quaker Missionary and Commercial Ac
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FRANK HATJE der Smissen, on whose b
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FRANK HATJE simple reason that ‘t
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FRANK HATJE itan, and if cosmopolit
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FRANK HATJE families in Lancashire,
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FRANK HATJE finally, the Deutsche C
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FRANK HATJE almost exclusively from
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FRANK HATJE preacher from the Lamis
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FRANK HATJE Limitations and Opportu
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FRANK HATJE The firm which Hinrich
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Page 259 and 260: 9 German Entrepreneurial Networks a
Page 261 and 262: German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
Page 297: German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
Page 301 and 302: MONIKA POETTINGER and to maintain t
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Page 325: PART IV Networks and Problems
Page 328 and 329: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that networks
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Page 332 and 333: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ing trust, the
Page 334 and 335: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY transgression
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Page 338 and 339: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Blundell & Rai
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY wrote to Chaff
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY sonal comments
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY More important
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CAROLYN DOWNS nities available to e
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CAROLYN DOWNS increasing market for
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CAROLYN DOWNS ure of acquainting yo
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CAROLYN DOWNS may be a reason for E
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CAROLYN DOWNS his parents’ ill he
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CAROLYN DOWNS teen letters that wer
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CAROLYN DOWNS from outside his exis
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CAROLYN DOWNS The Liverpool Problem
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CAROLYN DOWNS island; cou’d wish
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CAROLYN DOWNS the town would earn
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CAROLYN DOWNS illustrative of the e
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CAROLYN DOWNS It is estimated that
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CAROLYN DOWNS Network Development a
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CAROLYN DOWNS today. Bills of excha
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CAROLYN DOWNS News from Eccleston
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CAROLYN DOWNS sels as well as rapid
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CAROLYN DOWNS as the year ended, Ec
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NOTES ON EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS M
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Notes on Contributors SÜNNE JUTERC
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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