Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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MONIKA POETTINGER Figure 9.1 Value of Lombardy’s silk exports 1814–42 Source: The graph is based on statistics reported in Eugenio Balbi and Adriano Balbi, Miscellanea Italiana: Ragionamenti di geografia e statistica patria (Milan, 1845), 249–50. The stat - istics themselves, based on official government data, were collected by Giuseppe Ferrario for the years 1814 to 1829 and by Adriano Balbi for the years 1830 to 1842. The medium price relates to the officially established medium annual price; the quantity is expressed in libbre milanesi piccole (100 lb of Milan = 32.68 kg). 256
German Entrepreneurs and the Industrialization of Milan wardness in trade and manufacturing. 24 ‘The intrepid speculator’, he wrote in 1837 highly esteemed in other locations as he opens new sources of wealth for himself and many others, would be greeted here with disdain and mistrust, his activities perceived as humiliating and degrading, his fall foretold if not called for. Ten years before this fall, continuous and unyielding persecution would already hamper his every step, shut off his every legitimate possibility of action, until his entrepreneurship and self-confidence, beleaguered from every quarter, would be forced in the wrong direction and constrained to wrong and silly actions so as to bring him to the brink of a precipice. His fall would then be reported with satisfaction by every economic journal. If merchants have gathered here of an evening to discuss the project of an India Company, of conquering the Orient and the kingdoms of the Mogul, the next morning they would feel ashamed and have forgotten it all, fearful of being perceived as fools. Our way of thinking has its advantages, but anyone who would be willing to establish an enterprise here must recognize this state of things and resign himself to it, because it is the consequence of ancient, profound, and intangible reasons. 25 The treatment of bills of exchange is a good example of this extreme prudence. This financial instrument, condemned by Adam Smith as speculation in eighteenth-century Britain for its rampaging expansion, remained a distant dream for Milan in the mid-nineteenth century. Cedole di banco, considered necessary to inject liquidity into the local financial market drained of resources, were ‘something for people who want to walk briskly and without obstacles, like race horses, at times like steam machines, and at times, in the space of a single day, like hot air balloons, 26 left to the influence of the winds 24 Carlo Cattaneo had a clear perception of the conservatism of Milan’s economic elite. He suggested that rentiers were completely bound to the land, like an old tree, while merchants sought only to become rentiers and invest in land. Carlo Cattaneo, ‘Alcune ricerche sul progetto di un monte delle sete’, Annali Universali di Statistica, 54 (1837), 186–7. 25 Ibid. 26 This was not a casual reference to balloons as the epitome of modernization. Ballooning was, in fact, the first scientific research commodity sold on 257
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Cosmopolitan Networks
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce a
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FOREWORD The present volume is the
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CONTENTS 7. Meeting Friends and Doi
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Region of origin
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL economic
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Humboldt,
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL tant in t
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Cosmopoli
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL only cosm
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL highly vo
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL often reg
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL competito
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MARK CASSON ciently radical, howeve
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MARK CASSON Taking an instrumental
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MARK CASSON tion, directly or indir
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MARK CASSON ● Counselling and car
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MARK CASSON communities established
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MARK CASSON III. Basic Concepts of
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MARK CASSON A failure in any link w
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MARK CASSON may use an independent
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MARK CASSON the two-way flows of in
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MARK CASSON The consequences of emb
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MARK CASSON each entrepreneur. Havi
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MARK CASSON Fig. 2.4a Stylized view
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MARK CASSON Efficiency of communica
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MARK CASSON effect changes in it. S
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MARK CASSON cal trade network, for
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MARK CASSON Membership of one netwo
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PART I Geographies of Commercial Ne
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL and KLAUS
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Like so many res
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH senator in 1912
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH much earlier tha
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH A networked appr
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Rhineland—to d
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH commercial partn
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH The Brazilian ex
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Hamburg’s comm
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH and it was direc
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH begun by French
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH prospered in are
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Germany in 1886,
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH One such busines
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH For the larger m
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Only those natio
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH empire fostered
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH politan traditio
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HELEN DOE tured on an international
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HELEN DOE guaranteed scheduled depa
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HELEN DOE Falmouth is a lively one:
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HELEN DOE ing and risk-reduction in
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HELEN DOE voyage cost going on wage
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HELEN DOE Table 5.2 Ports of call o
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HELEN DOE instructions on where to
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HELEN DOE Table 5.3 Shares owned by
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HELEN DOE with same ship during his
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6 The Jewish Consuls in the Mediter
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Jewish Consuls in the Mediterranean
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7 Meeting Friends and Doing Busines
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Quaker Missionary and Commercial Ac
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Page 215 and 216: Quaker Missionary and Commercial Ac
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Page 230 and 231: FRANK HATJE der Smissen, on whose b
Page 232 and 233: FRANK HATJE simple reason that ‘t
Page 234 and 235: FRANK HATJE itan, and if cosmopolit
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Page 238 and 239: FRANK HATJE finally, the Deutsche C
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Page 242 and 243: FRANK HATJE preacher from the Lamis
Page 244 and 245: FRANK HATJE Limitations and Opportu
Page 246 and 247: FRANK HATJE The firm which Hinrich
Page 248 and 249: FRANK HATJE edge, this also contrib
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Page 252 and 253: FRANK HATJE dam branch of the famil
Page 254 and 255: FRANK HATJE Spreading the Gospel: F
Page 256 and 257: FRANK HATJE another 296,000 marks.
Page 259 and 260: 9 German Entrepreneurial Networks a
Page 261 and 262: German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
Page 265: German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
Page 301 and 302: MONIKA POETTINGER and to maintain t
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Gunpowder Manufacturers and the Off
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PART IV Networks and Problems
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that networks
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY works in the A
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ing trust, the
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY transgression
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Key: Strong ti
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Blundell & Rai
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ford & Co., an
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY between the ar
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that the relat
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY Jamaica, and w
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY wrote to Chaff
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY sonal comments
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SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY More important
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CAROLYN DOWNS nities available to e
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CAROLYN DOWNS increasing market for
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CAROLYN DOWNS ure of acquainting yo
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CAROLYN DOWNS may be a reason for E
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CAROLYN DOWNS his parents’ ill he
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CAROLYN DOWNS teen letters that wer
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CAROLYN DOWNS from outside his exis
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CAROLYN DOWNS The Liverpool Problem
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CAROLYN DOWNS island; cou’d wish
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CAROLYN DOWNS the town would earn
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CAROLYN DOWNS illustrative of the e
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CAROLYN DOWNS It is estimated that
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CAROLYN DOWNS Network Development a
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CAROLYN DOWNS today. Bills of excha
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CAROLYN DOWNS News from Eccleston
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CAROLYN DOWNS sels as well as rapid
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CAROLYN DOWNS as the year ended, Ec
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NOTES ON EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS M
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Notes on Contributors SÜNNE JUTERC
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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