Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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GARETH COLE though not directly comparable, in December 1797, Frederick Pigou was paid £1,000 for 500 barrels which he had delivered to Purfleet (the central Ordnance powder magazine), as we see from a contract of 17 November 1796. Just three months later he was paid another £1,000 for a contract dated 12 May 1797. 23 These were both at £2 a barrel. If time allowed, all the payments to the powder manufacturers could be traced through the Ordnance Bill books which appear to be complete. It can be seen that it was definitely advantageous for merchants to remain on good terms with the Ordnance. As stated above, before the merchant was paid, the powder he supplied had to pass a proof test. Some sort of quality control was required by the Ordnance on all articles that it contracted for, and gunpowder was no exception. By the time of the Great Wars, a test had been developed that involved firing a small amount (a couple of ounces) of powder in a mortar and seeing how far the projectile flew. In order to pass proof, the powder had to send the projectile at least 145 feet and to be no weaker than 19/20ths of the state-produced powder. 24 As stated, if the powder failed proof, then the merchant was not paid. In Table 10.2, below, it can be seen that Hill’s powder did not reach the minimum standard. This meant that the 253 whole barrels of large grain powder that he submitted for proof were rejected. 25 Two months later Hill again has some of his powder rejected (51 out of 124 whole barrels). This time, Pigou suffered the same problem, with 325 of his 794 barrels being rejected at proof. 26 If the powder was rejected, then no payment was made, the deposit for the saltpetre was lost, and the merchant had to collect the powder at his own expense. It would have been worse before the wars. If the powder did not reach the required standard, the whole batch would have been rejected. 27 304 23 TNA WO 52/108 and 113. 24 Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies, D/C/3/33/1, ‘Heads of a contract’. However, it is not known whether this proviso carried on into wartime conditions. 25 TNA SUPP 5/118, ‘Report of the second and last proof of Merchants’ gun powder on the 1st instant, which was proved on the 13th Ultimo.’ Office of Ordnance, Purfleet, 1 Feb. 1798. 26 Ibid. ‘Report of the 1st Proof of merchants’ gunpowder this day’, Office of Ordnance, Purfleet, 15 Mar. 1798. 27 Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies, D/C/3/33/1, ‘Heads of a contract’.
Gunpowder Manufacturers and the Office of Ordnance Table 10.1 Results of proof test of powder manufactured between 5 Apr. and 28 Dec. 1797 Manufacturer Type Date of manufacture (1797) a Cylinder powder was a new type first introduced around 1787. It was substantially stronger than the traditional pit powder. Source: TNA SUPP 5/118. How far it fired (ft) How far it fired after 70 days left in air (ft) Faversham cylinder a 21 Apr. 161 160 Waltham Abbey cylinder 25 Apr. 174 175 Waltham Abbey willow 6 May 150 153 Mr Pigou merchant 11 Apr. 162 156 Mr Hill merchant 6 Apr. 161 153 Mr Taylor merchant 13 Apr. 160 152 Messer Bridges merchant 9 Apr. 158 152 Messer Tayler merchant 5 Apr. 149 152 Faversham cylinder 26 Dec. 159 157 Waltham Abbey cylinder 26 Dec. 171 163 Waltham Abbey willow 29 Oct. 137 136 Messer Bridges merchant 2 Dec. 163 160 Mr Taylor merchant 14 Dec. 148 145 Messer Tayler merchant 21 Dec. 146 145 Mr Hill merchant 28 Dec. 145 117 305
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Cosmopolitan Networks
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce a
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FOREWORD The present volume is the
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CONTENTS 7. Meeting Friends and Doi
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Region of origin
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL economic
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Humboldt,
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL tant in t
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Cosmopoli
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL only cosm
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL highly vo
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL often reg
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL competito
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MARK CASSON ciently radical, howeve
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MARK CASSON Taking an instrumental
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MARK CASSON tion, directly or indir
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MARK CASSON ● Counselling and car
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MARK CASSON communities established
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MARK CASSON III. Basic Concepts of
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MARK CASSON A failure in any link w
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MARK CASSON may use an independent
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MARK CASSON the two-way flows of in
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MARK CASSON The consequences of emb
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MARK CASSON each entrepreneur. Havi
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MARK CASSON Fig. 2.4a Stylized view
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MARK CASSON Efficiency of communica
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MARK CASSON effect changes in it. S
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MARK CASSON cal trade network, for
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MARK CASSON Membership of one netwo
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PART I Geographies of Commercial Ne
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL and KLAUS
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Like so many res
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH senator in 1912
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH much earlier tha
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH A networked appr
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Rhineland—to d
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH commercial partn
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH The Brazilian ex
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Hamburg’s comm
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH and it was direc
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH begun by French
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH prospered in are
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Germany in 1886,
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH One such busines
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH For the larger m
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Only those natio
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH empire fostered
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH politan traditio
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HELEN DOE tured on an international
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HELEN DOE guaranteed scheduled depa
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HELEN DOE Falmouth is a lively one:
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HELEN DOE ing and risk-reduction in
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HELEN DOE voyage cost going on wage
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HELEN DOE Table 5.2 Ports of call o
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HELEN DOE instructions on where to
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HELEN DOE Table 5.3 Shares owned by
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HELEN DOE with same ship during his
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6 The Jewish Consuls in the Mediter
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Jewish Consuls in the Mediterranean
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7 Meeting Friends and Doing Busines
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Quaker Missionary and Commercial Ac
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FRANK HATJE der Smissen, on whose b
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FRANK HATJE simple reason that ‘t
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FRANK HATJE itan, and if cosmopolit
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FRANK HATJE families in Lancashire,
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FRANK HATJE finally, the Deutsche C
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FRANK HATJE almost exclusively from
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FRANK HATJE preacher from the Lamis
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FRANK HATJE Limitations and Opportu
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FRANK HATJE The firm which Hinrich
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FRANK HATJE edge, this also contrib
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FRANK HATJE and Paris before return
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FRANK HATJE dam branch of the famil
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FRANK HATJE Spreading the Gospel: F
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FRANK HATJE another 296,000 marks.
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9 German Entrepreneurial Networks a
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German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
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Page 301 and 302: MONIKA POETTINGER and to maintain t
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Page 325: PART IV Networks and Problems
Page 328 and 329: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that networks
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Page 332 and 333: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ing trust, the
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Page 350 and 351: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY sonal comments
Page 352 and 353: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY More important
Page 354 and 355: CAROLYN DOWNS nities available to e
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CAROLYN DOWNS teen letters that wer
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CAROLYN DOWNS from outside his exis
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CAROLYN DOWNS The Liverpool Problem
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CAROLYN DOWNS island; cou’d wish
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CAROLYN DOWNS the town would earn
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CAROLYN DOWNS illustrative of the e
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CAROLYN DOWNS It is estimated that
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CAROLYN DOWNS Network Development a
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CAROLYN DOWNS today. Bills of excha
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CAROLYN DOWNS News from Eccleston
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CAROLYN DOWNS sels as well as rapid
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CAROLYN DOWNS as the year ended, Ec
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NOTES ON EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS M
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Notes on Contributors SÜNNE JUTERC
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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