Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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GARETH COLE Table 10.2 Results of proof test of powder manufactured between 29 Oct. 1797 and 22 Nov. 1798 Manufacturer Type Date of manufacture How far it fired (ft) Faversham cylinder 2 Feb. 1798 158 Waltham Abbey cylinder 1 Mar. 1798 169 Waltham Abbey willow 29 Oct. 1797 139 Pigou merchant 27 Feb. 1798 156 Taylor merchant 24 Feb. 1798 148 Tayler merchant 24 Feb. 1798 147 Hill merchant 14 Feb. 1798 136 Faversham cylinder 22 Nov. 1798 165 Waltham Abbey cylinder 18 Nov. 1798 168 Waltham Abbey willow 14 Sept. 1798 137 Pigou merchant 20 Nov. 1798 154 Tayler merchant 20 Nov. 1798 151 Source: TNA SUPP 5/118 306
Gunpowder Manufacturers and the Office of Ordnance Because of the comparison with state-produced powder, the merchants sometimes felt that the Ordnance deliberately loaded the die against them. A case in point occurred in December 1798, when the powder merchants (as a group) wrote to the Board complaining that when testing their power, the Ordnance was not comparing like with like. In a letter dated 24 December, Congreve was adamant that this was not the case and rebutted the claims of the merchants. 28 This letter from Congreve is interesting because although it only gives the government side of the story, it does show that the two sectors were in competition, even when the nation was at war. Unfortunately, the letter from the merchants to the Board has not survived, but its tone can be inferred from Congreve’s reply. The merchants’ first complaint was that the government was deliberately manufacturing powder that was stronger than usual to use in the comparison proof tests. In fact, according to the Assistant Firemaster of the Royal Laboratory at Woolwich, the powder used in the tests was actually in a ‘defective’ state. The second issue raised was pit powder v. cylinder powder. Congreve wrote: I dare say the Powder Merchants will few of them deny having set up Iron Cylinders to char wood for their manufactories, and they must be convinced that the Ordnance does not wish them to make their powder with any particular sort of coal, if they wish it, nay I trust them so to do, and not suffer the King’s Mills to continue to make bad Powder merely to favor [sic] the Merchants, the difference of price of Cylinder Charcoal and of common pit, being too trifling to afford any objection to the general use of the Cylinder. The merchants were also after a price rise. They claimed that they should be paid more because of the waste of ingredients involved in the manufacturing process. Congreve claimed that this waste was ‘evidently not greater now than when the Merchants received only 30 shillings per barrel’. They were, of course, receiving 40 shillings at the time the letter was written. Finally, Congreve continued to claim that state manufacture was cheaper than merchant, and he said that he was ‘sincerely pleased’ 28 TNA SUPP 5/30, Congreve to the Board of Ordnance, 24 Dec. 1798. 307
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Cosmopolitan Networks
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce a
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FOREWORD The present volume is the
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CONTENTS 7. Meeting Friends and Doi
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LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Region of origin
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL economic
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Humboldt,
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL tant in t
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL Cosmopoli
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL only cosm
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL highly vo
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL often reg
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL competito
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MARK CASSON ciently radical, howeve
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MARK CASSON Taking an instrumental
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MARK CASSON tion, directly or indir
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MARK CASSON ● Counselling and car
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MARK CASSON communities established
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MARK CASSON III. Basic Concepts of
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MARK CASSON A failure in any link w
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MARK CASSON may use an independent
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MARK CASSON the two-way flows of in
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MARK CASSON The consequences of emb
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MARK CASSON each entrepreneur. Havi
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MARK CASSON Fig. 2.4a Stylized view
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MARK CASSON Efficiency of communica
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MARK CASSON effect changes in it. S
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MARK CASSON cal trade network, for
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MARK CASSON Membership of one netwo
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PART I Geographies of Commercial Ne
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MARGRIT SCHULTE BEERBÜHL and KLAUS
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Like so many res
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH senator in 1912
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH much earlier tha
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH A networked appr
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Rhineland—to d
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH commercial partn
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH The Brazilian ex
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Hamburg’s comm
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH and it was direc
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH begun by French
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH prospered in are
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Germany in 1886,
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH One such busines
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH For the larger m
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH Only those natio
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH empire fostered
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BRADLEY D. NARANCH politan traditio
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HELEN DOE tured on an international
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HELEN DOE guaranteed scheduled depa
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HELEN DOE Falmouth is a lively one:
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HELEN DOE ing and risk-reduction in
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HELEN DOE voyage cost going on wage
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HELEN DOE Table 5.2 Ports of call o
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HELEN DOE instructions on where to
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HELEN DOE Table 5.3 Shares owned by
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HELEN DOE with same ship during his
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6 The Jewish Consuls in the Mediter
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Jewish Consuls in the Mediterranean
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7 Meeting Friends and Doing Busines
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Quaker Missionary and Commercial Ac
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FRANK HATJE der Smissen, on whose b
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FRANK HATJE simple reason that ‘t
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FRANK HATJE itan, and if cosmopolit
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FRANK HATJE families in Lancashire,
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FRANK HATJE finally, the Deutsche C
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FRANK HATJE almost exclusively from
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FRANK HATJE preacher from the Lamis
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FRANK HATJE Limitations and Opportu
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FRANK HATJE The firm which Hinrich
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FRANK HATJE edge, this also contrib
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FRANK HATJE and Paris before return
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FRANK HATJE dam branch of the famil
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FRANK HATJE Spreading the Gospel: F
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FRANK HATJE another 296,000 marks.
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9 German Entrepreneurial Networks a
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German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
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German Entrepreneurs and the Indust
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Page 301 and 302: MONIKA POETTINGER and to maintain t
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Page 325: PART IV Networks and Problems
Page 328 and 329: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY that networks
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Page 332 and 333: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY ing trust, the
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Page 350 and 351: SHERYLLYNNE HAGGERTY sonal comments
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Page 354 and 355: CAROLYN DOWNS nities available to e
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CAROLYN DOWNS from outside his exis
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CAROLYN DOWNS The Liverpool Problem
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CAROLYN DOWNS island; cou’d wish
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CAROLYN DOWNS the town would earn
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CAROLYN DOWNS illustrative of the e
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CAROLYN DOWNS It is estimated that
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CAROLYN DOWNS Network Development a
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CAROLYN DOWNS today. Bills of excha
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CAROLYN DOWNS News from Eccleston
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CAROLYN DOWNS sels as well as rapid
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CAROLYN DOWNS as the year ended, Ec
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NOTES ON EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS M
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Notes on Contributors SÜNNE JUTERC
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Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660–1914

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