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122 Terms used in Bionomenclature monstrosity: a specimen showing an abnormal (non-hereditary) structural condition; names based on type specimens that were monstrosities were formerly to be rejected in (bot.), but that provision of the Code has now been deleted. more than . . . . less than, [< . . . . . >]: (phyl.) an ideograph placed around the citation of the name of an author of the original definition of a homonym that has been conserved for the purpose of emending a definition. morph: shape; used of a specimen or stage in a life-cycle with a particular or unusual, and generally morphological attribute. morpha, [pl. morphae]: (unoff.) used for specimens or groups of specimens of an uncertain infraspecific category; cfr taxon. morphology: the study of a structure; morphological terms are those that denote structural parts of an organism (e.g. radix = root, caulis = stem). morphon: (zool., unoff.) a definitely formed individual. morphonym: (zool., unoff.) the name of a species; the specific name. morphotaxon: (palaeo. bot.) a fossil taxon which, for nomenclatural purposes, comprises only one part, life-history stage, or preservational state represented by the corresponding nomenclatural type; any fossil taxon that is described as including more than one part, life-history stage, or preservational state is not a morphotaxon. morphotype, [morphotypus]: (1) a group or population of morphologically differentiated individuals within a species, often used of ones of no, or of undetermined, taxonomic significance. (2) (prok.) a variant of a species distinguished by the presence of some special or unusual morphological feature, for which the term “morphovar.” is recommended by that Code. (3) (palaeo. zool., obsol.) a specimen that has been figured in print not adding to what was previously known about the morphology of the taxon to which it is referred. (4) (zool., unoff.) the type specimen of a different morph of a dimorphic or polymorphic species. (5) (obsol., not nomenclatural) the generalized or idealized pattern shared by all members of a taxon; an archetype (q.v.).
123 The naming of organisms (and plant communities) morphovar: (prok.) an infrasubspecific variant of a species distinguished by the presence of some morphological character(s); a morphotype (q.v.). MS, msc, MScr., Mscr., MSS: see manuscript. multiconvar: (cult. pl., unoff.) proposed as a rank of cultivated plants equivalent to variety (not cultivar). multigeneric: (bot., cult. pl.) of hybrids resulting from the sexual crossings of individuals assigned to three or more different genera. multiline: (cult. pl.) in plant breeding, a term used to describe a cultivar that is made up of several closely related lines. multinomen: a multinomial name; a name composed of several words; a polynomial (q.v.). multinominal: having many names; see nominal, polynomial. multiple authorship: of a name proposed by more than one person; see et al. multiple original spellings: (zool.) two or more different original spellings for the same name. multiplication sign, [x]: (1) (bio., bot., cult. pl., phyl.) in nomenclature, the ideograph used to indicate the hybrid nature of a taxon in a condensed formula (q.v.) or a hybrid formula (q.v.); in a condensed formula, now (bio., bot, cult. pl.) placed in front of and directly against the name (with no space between the sign and the scientific name) where the sign is available for printing (e.g. xAgropogon, Melampsora xcolumbiana) but formerly often used with a separating space; in a hybrid formula (bio., bot., cult. pl.) placed between the names of the taxa (e.g. Mentha aquatic x M. spicata); see condensed formula. (2) (zool., unoff.) used in a similar way to (1 [above]) to link the names of the parent taxa (e.g. Capra hircus x Ovis aries) and sometimes with the sex of each parent also indicated by an ideograph (e.g. Capra hircus ♂ x Ovis aries ♀). (3) (prok.) when placed before the citation of the name of an author and in parentheses, indicates that the name was used by that author before 1 January 1980 but the name was not included in the Approved List
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Cover by Ciprian-Marius Vizitiu. Ph
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TERMS USED IN BIONOMENCLATURE: The
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Contents ABSTRACT .................
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Hawksworth 9 Introduction Terms use
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Hawksworth 11 employed, used outsid
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Hawksworth 13 The Codes All organis
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Hawksworth 15 Howell BF (1929) Defi
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Hawksworth 17
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19 The naming of organisms (and pla
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