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28 Terms used in Bionomenclature antetype: (zool., unoff.) a prototype (q.v.). anticipation: (bot.) of the proposal of a name or epithet in the expectation of the discovery or future acceptance of the taxon . antitype: (1) (zool., unoff.) an opposite type; a countertype (q.v.). (2) (zool., unoff.) a corresponding specimen of a type species obtained at the same time and location as the nomenclatural type. (3) (zool., unoff.) every specimen other than the holotype in the type-series, or all the specimens on which the author bases the series except any that were referred to as variants, or doubtfully associates with the nominal species, or expressly excluded from it; see paratype. antonym: words of opposite meaning; used in biological nomenclature (unoff.) for each name that is not a synonym ap.: see apud. apogenotype, [apogenotyp]: (zool., unoff.) the automatically generated type species of a genus-group name when renamed because of homonymy; i.e. type fixation of a genus through substitution. apomict, [ap.]: (cult. pl.) a plant which is able to produce viable seed or spores without fertilization, and whose progeny is therefore usually genetically uniform. apomixis: the process by which an apomict is produced. apomorphy: (phyl.) a derived character state; a new feature that arose during the course of evolution. apomorphy-based clade: (phyl.) a clade originating from the ancestor in which a particular character state (apomorphy; q.v.) originated; a clade whose name is defined using an apomorphy-based definition (q.v.). apomorphy-based definition: (phyl.) a definition that associates a name with a clade originating with the first ancestor of specified organisms and/or species (internal specifier taxa) to evolve a particular apomorphy (internal specifier apomorphy). apomorphy-modfied node-based definition: (phyl.) a node-based definition that incorporates wording from apomorphy-based definitions to include all extant organisms as internal specifiers without explicitly naming them; apomorphy-modified node-based
29 The naming of organisms (and plant communities) definitions can be used to associate names with crown clades when basal relationships within the crown are poorly understood or when the author intends to include in the named taxon subsequently discovered extant organisms that possess a particular apomorphy. apostrophe, [’]: (bio., bot.) an apostrophe in an epithet is to be deleted. apotype: (1) (zool., unoff.) proposed as a substitute term for hypotype (q.v.). (2) (zool., unoff.) type fixation of a genus-group name through substitution. application: (1) the use of a name to denote a particular taxon; the application of names is determined by the use of types. (2) (zool.) of a submission to the ICZN, one proposing a solution for a nomenclatural problem. apposition: of a noun in a scientific name, one used as a substantive epithet, not an adjectival one. appropriate: (cult. pl.) of a name or an epithet, one which the etymology relates to some aspect of the taxon, for example its characters, provenance, or history. approved : (1) (zool.) of a work, one given approval by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for use in nomenclature. (2) (prok.) of a name, one validly published before 1 January 1980, approved by the International Commission on Systematic Bacteriology for use in nomenclature, and included in the Approved List (q.v.); i.e. an approved name. Approved List, [AL]: (prok.) a list, made up of approved (q.v.) names of bacteria published in 1980; additions to the list are not permitted. approved name, [nomen approbatum, nom.approb.]: see approved. apud, [ap.]: (obsol.) in; according to; sometimes used in bibliographic citations when one author validly publishes a name in the work of another; see ex, in. arbitrary: (1) of a combination of letters in a scientific name, one that was not based by its author on an existing word of a language; see also acronym, anagram. (2) of a gender, one assigned to a name without a linguistic gender. archaeotype: see archetype.
Page 2 and 3: Cover by Ciprian-Marius Vizitiu. Ph
Page 5 and 6: TERMS USED IN BIONOMENCLATURE: The
Page 7 and 8: Contents ABSTRACT .................
Page 9 and 10: Hawksworth 9 Introduction Terms use
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