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204 Terms used in Bionomenclature type host: the host species with which the name-bearing type of (zool.) a nominal species or subspecies or (bot.) species or infraspecific taxon was associated; see associated organism, symbiotype. type locality: the geographical (and, where relevant stratigraphical) place of capture, collection or observation of the name-bearing type of (zool.) a nominal species or subspecies or (bot,) species or infraspecific taxon; in zool., if the name-bearing type was captured or collected after being transported by boat, vehicle, aircraft, or other human or mechanical means, the type locality is the place from which it, or its wild progenitor, began its unnatural journey. type material: all specimens and other elements used by an author in the original description of a new species-group name (zool.), or of a new species or infraspecific taxon (bot.). type method: (bot., mycol.) the permanent association of a name (i.e. a nomenclatural type) and a taxon (i.e. a circumscription); the type concept (q.v.). type relevé: (phyt.) the name-bearing relevé (q.v.) of the name of an association or subordinate syntaxon. type-series: (zool.) the series of specimens, as defined in the Code, on which the original author bases a new nominal species-group taxon in the absence of a holotype designation, any such specimen is eligible for subsequent designation as the name-bearing type (lectotype); prior to lectotype designation, all the specimens of the type-series are syntypes and collectively they constitute the namebearing type; excluded from the type-series are any specimens that the original author expressly excludes or refers to as distinct variants, or doubtfully includes in the taxon. type species: the species (bot., prok.) or nominal species (zool.) that is the name-bearing type of a genus (bot., prok.) or nominal genus (zool.), or a taxon between the ranks of species and genus (bot., prok.) and which fixes the application of the name. type specimen: (1) a general term for the name-bearing specimen of a species or infraspecific taxon, or (zool.) for a specimen of the typeseries (q.v.); these are generally permanently preserved in a reference collection (e.g. a genetic resource collection, herbarium, or
205 The naming of organisms (and plant communities) museum) but in (zool.) can be live animals in zoos or described from nature (including DNA sequences obtained from living birds captured and then released back into the wild). (2) (zool., obsol.) formerly used in the Code for a holotype, lectotype or neotype, or for any syntype. type strain: (prok.) the living or permanently preserved culture which is the nomenclatural type of a species or infraspecific taxon. typesetting: see printing, conventional. typical: of a specimen or culture, one with characters corresponding to those of the type material. typicum, [-us]: (1) typical. (2) (phyt.): used as the epithet of the name of a subassociation to indicate that it is typical of the association in which it is placed (i.e. the same species are diagnostic), e.g. Galio- Carpinetum typicum; see also inops. typification: (1) the act of designating or selecting a nomenclatural type for a name; see nomenclatural type. (2) (zool.) the fixation of a namebearing type of a nominal taxon to provide an objective standard of reference for the application of the name of a taxon; see Principle of Typification. typified name: a name whose application is determined by a nomenclatural type under a rank-based Code. typographic error: an error introduced by a printer. typography: the visual presentation of printed words and numbers; the design and style of printed matters including the form of the letters chosen. typology: (1) the use of types to fix the application of names. (2) (not nomenclatural) an invariant, generalized or idealized pattern shared by all members of group. typonym: (1) (unoff.) the type of a name. (2) one of two names based on the same nomenclatural type but which is neither the basionym nor a synisonym; e.g. a later name given to the same type specimen, a generic name based upon a species which has already been used as the type of a different generic name. (3) (obsol.) a name based on an indication of a type species or type specimen. (4) (bot., obsol.) a
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Cover by Ciprian-Marius Vizitiu. Ph
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TERMS USED IN BIONOMENCLATURE: The
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Contents ABSTRACT .................
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Hawksworth 9 Introduction Terms use
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Hawksworth 11 employed, used outsid
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Hawksworth 13 The Codes All organis
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Hawksworth 15 Howell BF (1929) Defi
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Hawksworth 17
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19 The naming of organisms (and pla
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