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29 The naming of organisms (and plant communities)
definitions can be used to associate names with crown clades when
basal relationships within the crown are poorly understood or when
the author intends to include in the named taxon subsequently
discovered extant organisms that possess a particular apomorphy.
apostrophe, [’]: (bio., bot.) an apostrophe in an epithet is to be deleted.
apotype: (1) (zool., unoff.) proposed as a substitute term for hypotype
(q.v.). (2) (zool., unoff.) type fixation of a genus-group name
through substitution.
application: (1) the use of a name to denote a particular taxon; the
application of names is determined by the use of types. (2) (zool.) of
a submission to the ICZN, one proposing a solution for a
nomenclatural problem.
apposition: of a noun in a scientific name, one used as a substantive
epithet, not an adjectival one.
appropriate: (cult. pl.) of a name or an epithet, one which the etymology
relates to some aspect of the taxon, for example its characters,
provenance, or history.
approved : (1) (zool.) of a work, one given approval by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for use in nomenclature.
(2) (prok.) of a name, one validly published before 1 January 1980,
approved by the International Commission on Systematic
Bacteriology for use in nomenclature, and included in the Approved
List (q.v.); i.e. an approved name.
Approved List, [AL]: (prok.) a list, made up of approved (q.v.) names of
bacteria published in 1980; additions to the list are not permitted.
approved name, [nomen approbatum, nom.approb.]: see approved.
apud, [ap.]: (obsol.) in; according to; sometimes used in bibliographic
citations when one author validly publishes a name in the work of
another; see ex, in.
arbitrary: (1) of a combination of letters in a scientific name, one that was
not based by its author on an existing word of a language; see also
acronym, anagram. (2) of a gender, one assigned to a name without
a linguistic gender.
archaeotype: see archetype.