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162 Terms used in Bionomenclature protype, [protypus]: (1) (zool., unoff.) a specimen which because of its completeness supplants a fragmentary holotype; a proxy type or epitype (q.v.). (2) (bot., obsol.) an epitype (q.v.); see also pragmatype. (3) (obsol.) a prostype (q.v.). (4) (prok., obsol.) a neotype (q.v.). (5) (obsol.) used by Linnaeus in connection with several genera of "fevers". provarietas, [provar.]: (cult. pl., unoff.) a proposed rank between subconvarietas and subprovarietas; a taxoid equivalent in rank to that of variety in wild plants. provenance: (cult. pl.) the known geographic origin of plants or seed, used mainly by foresters to describe worthwhile selections from indigenous populations. province: (obsol.) a rarely used rank inserted between subkingdom and class. provision: in a Code, a term equivalent to an Article or a Rule. provisional name, [nomen provisiorum, nom. provis., nom prov.]: (bot.) a name proposed in anticipation of the future acceptance of the taxon concerned, or of a particular circumscription, position, or rank of the taxon, and so not established; i.e. a name not accepted (and so not established) by an author when originally published; see also ad interim, cognomen, informal name, interim name, question mark, taxon label. proxy type: (zool., unoff.) a protype (q.v.). pseudocompound: a name or epithet which combines elements derived from two or more Greek or Latin words and in which a noun or adjective in a non-final position appears as a word with a case ending, not as a modified stem; e.g. Myosotis formed by “myos” and “otis” (ear of mouse). pseudogenotype, [pseudotyp]: (zool., unoff.) any species absent from an originally described genus which was later designated as the type species of that genus. pseudogenus: (prok., zool., unoff.) a generic name which when first introduced did not include any named species.
163 The naming of organisms (and plant communities) pseudoisonym, [pseudo-isonym]: (1) (prok., unoff.) a false isonym (q.v.); i.e. a name which at first appears to be based on the same type as another but is actually not. (2) (bot., unoff.) one of two or more names where different authors make the same combination based on the same subordinate element, but the inclusive higher-rank elements have different types. pseudonym: (1) a false or assumed name of a person; a nom-de-plume (e.g. the mycologist C. G. Lloyd writing under the name of N. J. McGinty); in (zool.) such works were formerly ruled as unnacceptale. (2) (phyt.) a name of a syntaxon used with the original author citation or reference to it but misinterpreted by later authors. pseudorecombinant: (vir.) an isolate of a multipartite genome virus which was formed by mixing genome parts from distinct parental isolates; see also reassortment. pseudotaxon, [pl. pseudotaxa]: (unoff.) segregates of a taxon which appear to be subordinate taxa, but in reality cannot be segregated and so cannot be classified. pseudotype: (1) (zool., unoff.) the type of a genus-group name which has been erroneously designated; a false type. (2) (zool., unoff.) a duplicate of a type specimen which was not studied by the author describing the taxon (e.g. one with the same collection details but deposited in a different institution). pseudotypic: (zool., unoff.) of a genus-group name, one with an invalid type. psocotype: (zool., unoff.) a type specimen damaged by psocids. PTR [PalaeoTaxon Record]: (palaeo.) a form of presentation of data for a base taxon only. publication: (1) (not nomenclatural) any published work. (2) of names, the act or process of making names available in the public domain; see effective publication, valid publication. (3) of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and other printed materials, the act or process of distributing printed matter through sale, exchange or gift into the public domain; see date of publication, effective publication, electronic publication. (4) (bio.) the distribution of text or images (but not sound) in multiple identical, durable, and unalterable
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Cover by Ciprian-Marius Vizitiu. Ph
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TERMS USED IN BIONOMENCLATURE: The
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Contents ABSTRACT .................
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Hawksworth 9 Introduction Terms use
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Hawksworth 11 employed, used outsid
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Hawksworth 13 The Codes All organis
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Hawksworth 15 Howell BF (1929) Defi
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Hawksworth 17
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19 The naming of organisms (and pla
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