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8 Terms used in Bionomenclature Abstract This is a glossary of over 2,100 terms used in biological nomenclature - the naming of whole organisms of all kinds. It covers terms in use in the current editions of the different internationally mandated and proposed organismal Codes; i.e. those for botany (including mycology), cultivated plants, prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria), virology, and zoology, as well as the Draft BioCode and PhyloCode. Any abbreviations, latinizations and synonyms are incorporated, as are terms which are either no longer employed, are used outside the formal nomenclatural Codes, or are otherwise likely to be encountered. As some of the terms used in the classification of plant communities are identical to those of whole organisms, terms used in phytosociological nomenclature are also included. The glossary has been prepared with inputs from numerous nomenclatural specialists, especially representatives of the different Codes serving on the IUBS/IUMS International Committee on Bionomenclature. It is intended for use as a reference work by all biologists, especially those involved with the description or re-classification of organisms, as well as those investigating the status and application of previously proposed names. Selected key words: algae, animals, archaea, bacteria, BioCode, biological nomenclature, botany, codes of nomenclature, cultivated plants, dictionary, entomology, fungi, glossary, nomenclature, PhyloCode, phytosociology, plants, prokaryotes, protists, viruses, zoology.
Hawksworth 9 Introduction Terms used in discussions of, and in the procedures regulating, the scientific naming of organisms often appear abstruse or unfamiliar to most biologists. The associated language and jargon has developed exponentially since Linnaeus endeavoured to codify procedures and terminology in the Philosophia Botanica (1751). The situation has been exacerbated by biologists working with different groups of organisms developing not only unique terms, but also using identical ones but with different meanings. Today, the accumulated terms present a major obstacle for biologists needing to know how to introduce new scientific names, change positions in a classification, understand why a name has been changed, or determine that which should be used for an organism according to the appropriate sets of rules. In addition, confrontation with unfamiliar and outdated terms can be a barrier to a taxonomist's correct interpretation of the older literature that has to be tackled when undertaking monographic or revisionary work. However, it is my hope that this listing will also facilitate the understanding of nomenclatural discussions and procedures by organismal biologists as a whole. The primary objective of the present compilation is to provide, in a single reference work, definitions and explanations of terms for biologists of all kinds working with, or on, the names or organisms. A secondary objective is to discourage both the superfluous coining of new terms, and the use of existing terms in different senses. As will be apparent from a perusal of the entries, there is already an embarrassing number of cases of the same term being used in disparate senses (e.g. genotype, morphotype). The equivalence of selected terms employed in the different Codes is indicated in Table 1. I started compiling notes on terms used in botanical nomenclature in the mid-1960s when as a student I found that some definitions were not always easily located. My list grew, and a glossary of those relevant to mycology was included in the Mycologist's Handbook (1974). I continued to make notes as more were encountered for a putative second edition. In the mid- 1980s, the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) identified a need for increased co-operation between the authorities concerned with the nomenclature of different groups of organisms. Then, at the 24 th General Assembly of IUBS in Amsterdam in 1991, the Scientific Programme
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