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200 Terms used in Bionomenclature thanatocultype: (unoff.) a dried or preserved, not living, specimen or a microscopic slide prepared from the holocultype (q.v.). three-way cross: (cult. pl.) the repeated crossing of three F 1 hybrids. timeslot: (palaeo., unoff.) a substitute for the genus taxon consisting only of the name of a stratigraphic timescale division. -tipa: (unoff.) the proposed suffix added to the end of one species name in a family, usually the best known, in New Biological Nomenclature (q.v.). token words: (bot.) words used to indicate a taxon to which the author wishes to refer, but to which he does not give a name. tokogeny: (not nomenclatural) the study of, for example, relationships between individuals in a sexually reproducing species, including parents and offspring; i.e. of relationships within and between groups, in contrast to phylogeny (q.v.) concerned with the evolutionary history tomo citato, [tom. cit.]: in the volume cited. top-cross: (cult. pl.): a plant breeding technique in which cultivars are compared by crossing them all with the same pollen parent (line) and then assessing the progeny. tophomeotype: (zool., unoff.) a specimen from the original locality identified by an authority; see homatopotype, metatopotype. top-line punctuation: (cult. pl.) the use of apostrophes and accents and other diacritical signs above letters of words; cfr bottom-line punctuation.. topophysic cultivar: (cult. pl.) a clone with the same genotype as its original parent plant but differing in its phenotype due to it being originally asexually propagated from specific tissue on the parent. topotype: (1) (unoff.) any specimen originating from the type locality of the nomenclatural type of the species or infraspecific taxon to which it is thought to belong. (2) (zool., unoff.) whether or not the specimen is part of the type-series. (3) (palaeo. zool.) fossils from the same horizon at or within a “few miles” of the locality of the name-bearing type.
201 The naming of organisms (and plant communities) topovariant: (cult. pl.) a distinguishable group of plants grown from seed from a given provenance. total clade: (phyl.) a clade composed of a crown clade and all organisms (and species) that share a more recent common ancestor with that crown clade than with any extant organisms or species that are not members of that clade; total clades are a subset of branch-based clades. totally suppressed name: (zool.) the older of two homonyms which is suppressed for the purposes of both the Principle of Priority and the Principle of Homonymy. trade designation: (cult. pl.) a device that is used to market a plant when the original name is considered unsatisfactory for marketing purposes. trademark: any sign, made from words, letters, numbers, often employing a recognizable typography, and(or) an icon applied to goods to distinguish the goods of a particular enterprise from those of its competitors: see also registered trademark. transcription: (1) to copy exactly from one written work to another. (2) the rendering in written form of human speech, especially of languages employing ideographic or phonetic characters. transfer: a change (with or without a change in name) in the position of a taxon, by implication also, transfer of the epithets involved. transformed: see generically modified organism. translatio nova, [trans. nov.]: (zool., obsol.) a new transfer; occasionally formerly used in citations to indicate that a taxon has been altered in position (either horizontally or vertically) but retains in its name the epithet from its name in the former position. translation: the rendering of words from one language to another, as opposed to transcription (q.v.) or transliteration (q.v.). transliteration: a literal transcription, the replacement of letters of one alphabet by equivalent letters of another. tribe, [tribus]: (1) (zool.) a family-group name below subfamily. (2) a taxon at the rank of tribe, between subfamily and genus; in such names have the suffix “-ini” (zool.) or “-inae” (bot.); in (mycol.)
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TERMS USED IN BIONOMENCLATURE: The
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Contents ABSTRACT .................
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Hawksworth 9 Introduction Terms use
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Hawksworth 11 employed, used outsid
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Hawksworth 13 The Codes All organis
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Hawksworth 15 Howell BF (1929) Defi
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Hawksworth 17
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19 The naming of organisms (and pla
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