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BENZO[a]PYRENE CAS No: 50-32-8 I. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (From HSDB, 1998) Molecular weight 252.3 Boiling point 360° C Melting point 179° C Vapor pressure 1 mm Hg at 20° C Air concentration conversion 1 ppm = 10.3 mg/m 3 II. HEALTH ASSESSMENT VALUES Unit Risk Factor: 1.1 E-3 (ug/m 3 ) -1 Slope Factor: (inhalation) 3.9 E+0 (mg/kg-day) -1 (oral) 1.2 E+1 (mg/kg-day) -1 [Inhalation: male hamster respiratory tract tumor incidence (Thyssen et al., 1981), unit risk calculated using a linearized multistage procedure (OEHHA, 1993). Oral: male and female gastric tumor (papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas) incidence (Neal and Rigdon, 1967), cancer potency factor calculated using a linearized multistage procedure (OEHHA, 1993).] III. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS Human Studies The predominant sources of airborne benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are combustion processes. Thus, this compound rarely enters the environment alone but rather is associated with additional PAHs and other components frequently present in both vapor phase and particulate form. Available epidemiological information, therefore, is from persons exposed to mixtures such as tobacco smoke, diesel exhaust, air pollutants, synthetic fuels, or other similar materials. Several IARC publications have been dedicated to the analysis of cancer in processes which involve exposure to polynuclear aromatic compounds (PAHs) (IARC, 1983; 1984a; 1984b; 1985; 1987). The types of cancer reported are often consistent with the exposure pathway: scrotal cancer and lung cancer in chimney sweeps exposed to soot; skin cancer (including scrotal cancer) where shale oils are used; and lung cancer where airborne exposure of PAHs occurs, such as in iron and steel foundries. Shamsuddin and Gan (1988) examined several human tissues collected at surgery or autopsy using rabbit high-specificity antibody to benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts and light immunocytochemistry. Antigenicity was detected in the lung, ovary, placenta, uterine cervix, and white blood cells. Their results indicated that the tissue concentration of adducts varies substantially in the 99
human population and that BPDE-DNA adducts can be detected in human tissues by immunochemical techniques. Five of twelve human lung samples obtained at surgery, from smokers or former smokers, showed positive antigenicity for BPDE-DNA adducts (Garner et al., 1988). Higher DNA-adduct levels were detected in the white blood cells of Finnish iron workers with jobs in high PAH exposure areas than in the white blood cells of workers with jobs in low PAH exposure areas (Perera et al., 1988; Hemminki et al., 1990). Workers were classified as high, medium, or low BaP exposure and there was a highly significant correlation between BaP exposure and DNA-adduct levels (Reddy et al., 1991). A similar observation was noted by Ovrebo et al. (1992) in a study of workers exposed around coke ovens. Perera et al. (1993) extended the technique and found that PAH adducts were higher in an industrialized area in winter than both in a more rural area in winter and in the same urban area in summer (when less burning of fuel would occur). In studies looking at PAH-derived adducts bound to serum protein, higher levels of PAH-albumin adducts were found in foundry workers and in roofers than in their respective reference groups (Lee et al., 1991). Smokers had higher levels of BaP-derived adducts bound to serum protein than nonsmokers, and workers in high BaP exposure areas (foundry) had two to three times the levels of workers in low exposure areas (Sherson et al., 1990). Studies with human placental tissues have shown that aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity is several times higher in smokers than non-smokers and that this activity increases in a sigmoidal manner with increased numbers of cigarettes smoked (Gurtoo et al., 1983). Genetic factors probably contribute to this variability and, ultimately, to susceptibility of individuals to tumor development (Manchester and Jacoby, 1984). Animal Studies BaP is carcinogenic by intratracheal, inhalation, and dermal exposure, by intraperitoneal injection, and when given in the diet. (a) Inhalation and Intratracheal Exposures Early experiments by Saffiotti et al. (1968) indicated that PAHs are at least weakly carcinogenic to the respiratory tract. A mixture of BaP (3 mg) and Fe 2 O 3 (hematite, 0.25 µm) (3 mg) in a saline suspension was administered to Syrian golden hamsters by intratracheal instillation, once per week for 15 weeks. Most surviving animals receiving BaP plus Fe 2 O 3 developed tumors of the respiratory tract (mostly bronchogenic carcinoma) whereas control animals receiving Fe 2 O 3 only or those receiving no treatment did not develop tumors. Subsequently, Saffiotti et al. (1972) determined the carcinogenic dose-response relationship after intratracheal instillation of a suspension of BaP and Fe 2 O 3 in male and female Syrian golden hamsters. Test materials were administered once weekly for 30 weeks at 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25 mg BaP/animal 100
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Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk A
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Prepared by: John D. Budroe, Ph.D.
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This document is one of five docume
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i INTRODU
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N-Nitrosodimethylamine 401 N-Nitros
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Hot Spots Unit Risk and Cancer Pote
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Additional ATES and PETS documents
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data. If several data sets (dose an
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US EPA Calculation of Carcinogenic
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exposure to a concentration of 1 µ
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incidences for each of the dose lev
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computes the surface area of a sphe
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Comparison of Hot Spots Cancer Unit
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Gold, L., de Veciana, M., Backman,
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Animal Studies Rats Woutersen et al
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ased on sufficient evidence of carc
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ACETAMIDE CAS No: 60-35-5 I. PHYSIC
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Methodology Expedited Proposition 6
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cancer mortality. However, US EPA (
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Table 2. Lung adenoma incidence in
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Table 3 (continued). Acrylamide-ind
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Robinson M, Bull RJ, Knutsen GL, Sh
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Also, a trend was observed correlat
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eported. Cause-specific expected de
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Bio/Dynamics Inc. conducted a study
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examination. Interim sacrifices wer
Page 57 and 58: Table 8. Tumor incidence in male an
Page 59 and 60: Gaffey WR and Strauss ME. 1981. A m
Page 61 and 62: (technical grade; 98% pure) by gava
Page 63 and 64: International Agency for Research o
Page 65 and 66: still alive in the low-dose control
Page 67 and 68: ANILINE CAS No: 62-53-3 I. PHYSICAL
Page 69 and 70: fibrosarcomas, stromal sarcomas, ca
Page 71 and 72: ARSENIC (INORGANIC) CAS No: 7440-38
Page 73 and 74: elationship between arsenic exposur
Page 75 and 76: al. (1988) did not induce lung tumo
Page 77 and 78: A risk assessment was also conducte
Page 79 and 80: Chen C, Chuang Y, You S, Lin T and
Page 81 and 82: Schrauzer G, White D, McGinness J,
Page 83 and 84: Table 1: Summary of epidemiologic s
Page 85 and 86: had at least one animal demonstrati
Page 87 and 88: mesothelioma, recommended lifetime
Page 89 and 90: National Institute for Occupational
Page 91 and 92: BENZENE CAS No: 71-43-2 I. PHYSICAL
Page 93 and 94: Animal Studies Available experiment
Page 95 and 96: Table 3: Summary of NTP bioassay re
Page 97 and 98: Table 4: Summary of benzene low-dos
Page 99 and 100: Maltoni C, Conti B and Cotti G. 198
Page 101 and 102: a benign tumor of the kidney. No ba
Page 103 and 104: al. (1968) found no tumors in lifet
Page 105 and 106: following relationship, where C(t 1
Page 107: Miakawa M. and Yoshida O. 1975. Pro
Page 111 and 112: demonstrated the tumor initiating a
Page 113 and 114: Table 4: Bronchoalveolar tumors fro
Page 115 and 116: Table 5: IARC groupings of PAHs, mi
Page 117 and 118: Table 6 (continued): IARC Group 3 P
Page 119 and 120: Potency Equivalency Factors (PEF) f
Page 121 and 122: This was rounded to a PEF of 0.1. 1
Page 123 and 124: experiment (Takayama et al., 1985)
Page 125 and 126: Deutsch-Wenzel RP, Brune H, Grimmer
Page 127 and 128: Krewski D, Thorslund T and Withey J
Page 129 and 130: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 131 and 132: Sorahan et al. (1983) studied cance
Page 133 and 134: Lijinsky W. 1986. Chronic bioassay
Page 135 and 136: the drinking water (Schroeder and M
Page 137 and 138: Table II. Effective dose, upper-bou
Page 139 and 140: BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)ETHER CAS No: 111
Page 141 and 142: IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
Page 143 and 144: BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)ETHER CAS No: 542-
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Bis(chloromethyl)ether-ind
Page 147 and 148: Drew RT, Laskin S, Kuschner M and N
Page 149 and 150: ates for the 1968 U.S. male populat
Page 151 and 152: Table 1: Incidence of primary tumor
Page 153 and 154: IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
Page 155 and 156: National Institute of Occupational
Page 157 and 158: was less than 0.05 when controlling
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up period. The final cohort include
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If the cadmium-exposed workers incl
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on personnel records (20%); (3) eva
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were exposed to a continuous (23.5
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procedure (NLIN), the parameters we
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International Agency for Research o
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Two reports were published on cance
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Mendel rats, respectively), and sub
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Eschenbrenner A and Miller E. 1946.
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III. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS Human Stu
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cancers, were less than expected. T
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and no cases of cancer (although cl
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There was a statistically significa
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NTP (1982a) also conducted an carci
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Several pathologists have independe
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hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma tu
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carcinogenic potency may decline in
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Cochrane W, Singh J and Miles W. 19
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
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CHLORINATED PARAFFINS (average chai
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ased on dose-response data for beni
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chloroform in drinking water with k
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Overall, the present epidemiologica
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female dogs received toothpaste bas
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Calculated q 1 * values from the ab
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Hogan MD, Chi Py, Hoel DG and Mitch
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Table 1. Study design summary for N
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V. REFERENCES California Environmen
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toluidine. Followup of this subcoho
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feeding studies on by NCI (1979) us
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CHROMIUM (HEXAVALENT) CAS No: 18540
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expected rate may be inflated becau
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Oral Borneff et al. (1968) exposed
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CREOSOTE (COAL TAR-DERIVED) CAS No:
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from an inhalation exposure study (
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Table 1. Study design summary for N
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Table 1. Experimental design for ca
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Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB
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Table 1: Tumor induction in Fischer
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Table 1. Experimental design of 2,4
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Additional analysis of these data b
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IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
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Jackson RJ, Greene CJ, Thomas JT, M
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Table 1. Tumor incidence in rats ex
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Girard R, Tolot F, Martin P and Bou
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exposed more than 16 years before t
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interpretation of dose extrapolatio
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1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE CAS No: 75-34-3
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Table 1b. Study design for carcinog
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National Cancer Institute (NCI) 197
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mice, hepatocellular carcinoma inci
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V. REFERENCES California Department
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DAB/day by gavage for the life of t
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2,4-DINITROTOLUENE CAS No: 121-14-2
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Ellis et al.(1979) (also reported b
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Final Statement of Reasons for OAL,
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to the small sample size and short
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In an inhalation study, Torkelson e
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V. REFERENCES American Conference o
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EPICHLOROHYDRIN CAS No: 106-89-8 I.
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espiratory tumors were noted in the
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Table 4. Epichlorohydrin-induced fo
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Konishi Y, Kawabata A, Denda A, Ike
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exposed to arsenicals for 20 months
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espectively (all statistically sign
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ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE CAS No: 107-06-
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Several factors have been suggested
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myelogenous leukemias (4 and 8 year
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statistically significant. CDHS not
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combined with the incidence in the
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incidence of primary brain tumors.
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Table 6 (continued): Organ/Sex Mali
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An Upper 95% Confidence Limit (UCL)
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ETHYLENE THIOUREA (ETU) CAS No: 96-
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male and female rats. Tumor inciden
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FORMALDEHYDE CAS No: 50-00-0 I. PHY
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presented an extension of a previou
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Methodology In developing a spectru
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Casanova M, Morgan KT, Steinhagen W
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Tobe M, Kaneko T, Uchida Y, Kamata
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Table 1. Hexachlorobenzene-induced
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50 pups (F 1 ) of each sex were ran
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Ertürk E, Lambrecht RW, Peters HA,
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Table 1. Liver hepatoma incidence i
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1988). An airborne unit risk factor
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HYDRAZINE CAS No: 302-01-2 I. PHYSI
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Methodology Inhalation A linearized
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LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS (INORGANIC)
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and other occupational carcinogens
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y inhalation is similar for rats an
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Goyer RA. 1992. Nephrotoxicity and
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LINDANE (g-Hexachlorocyclohexane) C
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Using these relationships, a human
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METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) CAS
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Tumor incidences according to the r
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kidney changes indicative of chroni
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Interspecies scaling for oral doses
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Table 4 (continued): Dose Response
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Experimental Pathology Laboratories
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Animal Studies Male and female HaM/
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Gold L, Sawyer C, Magaw R, Backman
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Using the statistical tests (one-ta
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Table 1: Methylene chloride-induced
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Significant treatment-related incre
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National Toxicology Program (NTP) 1
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noted; however, the study duration
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Crump KS, Howe RB, Van Landingham C
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Table 1. Michler’s ketone-induced
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NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS CAS No:
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the high exposure group was 14.0. A
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male and 121 female rats, was expos
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2.1 - 2.6 × 10 -4 (µg/m 3 ) -1 .
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The increased incidence of bladder
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A linearized multistage procedure w
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N-NITROSO-N-METHYLETHYLAMINE CAS No
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propylamine in drinking water at 0.
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N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE CAS No: 55-18
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Table 2. Treatment groups, concentr
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California Department of Health Ser
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animals and the second generation t
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ationale for selection of the OEHHA
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A unit risk value based upon air co
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N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE CAS No: 86-3
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Methodology Dosage estimates of NDP
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Crump KS, Howe RB. 1984. The multis
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Table 1. P-Nitrosodiphenylamine-ind
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N-NITROSOMORPHOLINE CAS No: 59-89-2
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Page 429 and 430:
N-NITROSOPIPERIDINE CAS No: 100-75-
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Table 3. N-Nitrosopiperidine-induce
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Crump KS, Howe RB, Van Landingham C
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testicular tumors were noted in the
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PARTICULATE MATTER FROM DIESEL-FUEL
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etired railroad workers who had had
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employment (χ 2 test for trend: p
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elevated smoking-adjusted risk esti
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Miln
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Damb
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Burn
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Raff
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Table 1 (continued): Epidemiologica
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Table 1 (continued): Epidemiologica
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Wegm
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Animal Studies Section 6.1 (Animal
Page 461 and 462:
The variability, or heterogeneity,
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estimate for those studies for whic
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Figure 1: Estimates of Relative Ris
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q 1 * = Excess relative risk × CA
Page 469 and 470:
Table 3: Number of Workers in the E
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u nexposed workers at zero concentr
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for each µg/m 3 of diesel exhaust
Page 475 and 476:
Table 4: Values from Unit Risk for
Page 477 and 478:
their findings that a reasonable es
Page 479 and 480:
Garshick E, Schenker M, Woskie S an
Page 481 and 482:
Lewis T, Green, FH MW, Burg J and L
Page 483 and 484:
Rothman K. 1986. Modern epidemiolog
Page 485 and 486:
PENTACHLOROPHENOL CAS No: 87-86-5 I
Page 487 and 488:
The default lifespan for mice is 10
Page 489 and 490:
documented. An excess risk from ski
Page 491 and 492:
B6C3F 1 mice and F344/N rats were e
Page 493 and 494:
This model, rather than a time depe
Page 495 and 496:
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) CA
Page 497 and 498:
several benign adenomatous lesions
Page 499 and 500:
Ito et al. (1973) exposed groups of
Page 501 and 502:
could not be characterized by chlor
Page 503 and 504:
exposure (all pathways and mixtures
Page 505 and 506:
National Toxicology Program 1993. T
Page 507 and 508:
Table 1. Potassium bromate-induced
Page 509 and 510:
1,3-PROPANE SULTONE CAS No: 1120-71
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
PROPYLENE OXIDE CAS No: 75-56-9 I.
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oxide. In the NTP carcinogenicity s
Page 517 and 518:
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE CAS No: 7
Page 519 and 520:
assumed a body weight of 70 kg and
Page 521 and 522:
total); an untreated control group
Page 523 and 524:
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE CAS No: 26471-
Page 525 and 526:
Animal Studies The National Toxicol
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Mortillaro PT and Schiavon M. 1982.
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male or female rats. Increases in h
Page 531 and 532:
TRICHLOROETHYLENE CAS No: 79-01-6 I
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A mortality analysis of a cohort of
Page 535 and 536:
elative to that of the controls whi
Page 537 and 538:
applied or metabolized. The range o
Page 539 and 540:
Katz RM and Jowett D. 1981. Female
Page 541 and 542:
10,000 ppm 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Bionetics Research Laboratories. 19
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control; females: 6/10 exposed, 0/1
Page 549 and 550:
over controls (p < 0.04). Other tum
Page 551 and 552:
was increased (100/314 exposed vs.
Page 553 and 554:
Table 3. Cancer potency estimates f
Page 555 and 556:
Crouch E. 1983. Uncertainties in in
Page 557 and 558:
VINYL CHLORIDE CAS No: 75-01-4 I. P
Page 559 and 560:
Table 1 (continued): A Summary of E
Page 561 and 562:
al., 1983). Histopathology of all o
Page 563 and 564:
Table 3: Tumor incidences in 100 pp
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experiment, animals were exposed to
Page 567 and 568:
Experiment BT1 Most previous risk a
Page 569 and 570:
No statistical analyses of mortalit
Page 571 and 572:
Table 11 gives unit risk estimates
Page 573 and 574:
Bertazzi PA, Villa A, Foa V, Saia B
Page 575 and 576:
Nicholson WJ, Hammond EC, Seidman H
Page 577 and 578:
immunotoxicity, reproductive toxici
Page 579 and 580:
scheme. TEFs for two major noncance
Page 581 and 582:
NATO/CCMS (1988a) Pilot Study on In
Page 583 and 584:
Table 2 Toxicity Equivalency Factor
Page 585 and 586:
Table 4 A Comparison of CTEF- and I
Page 587 and 588:
Office of Environmental Health Haza
Page 589 and 590:
Group 4: The agent is probably not
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TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR DESC
Page 593 and 594:
US EPA IRIS Inhalation Unit Risk an
Page 595 and 596:
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR DESC
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as appropriate, and revise IRIS fil
Page 599 and 600:
Chemical Exposure Route Study Type
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Page 605 and 606:
Methyl tert-butyl ether p. 5: Added
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