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National Cancer Institute (NCI) 1977. Bioassay of Tetrachloroethylene for Possible Carcinogenicity. Pub. No. 77-813. DHEW/NIH, Bethesda MD. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1980. Engineering Control Technology Assessment of the Dry Cleaning Industry. Pub. No. 80-136. DHHS (NIOSH), Washington DC. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB) (Internet version) 1998. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. National Toxicology Program (NTP) 1986. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) (CAS Number 127-18-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F 1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). NTP TR 311, NIH Pub. No. 86-2567. Research Triangle Park, NC. Rampy LW, Quast JF, Leong BKJ and Gehring PJ. 1978. Results of long-term inhalation toxicity studies of rats of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and perchloroethylene formulations. In: Proceedings of the First International Congress on Toxicology: Toxicology as a Predictive Science. Plaa GL and Duncan WAM, eds. Academic Press, New York, 562. Reichert D. 1983. Biological actions and interactions of tetrachloroethylene. Mutat Res 123:411-429. Theiss JC, Stoner GD, Shimkin MB and Weisburger EK. 1977. Tests for carcinogenicity of organic contaminants of United States drinking waters by pulmonary tumor response in Strain A mice. Cancer Res 37:2717-2720. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) 1985. Health Assessment Document for Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene): Final Report. EPA/600/8-82/005F, PB85-249704. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. 485
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) CAS No: 1336-36-3 (all congeners) I. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (From HSDB, 1995 except as noted) Molecular weight 154 - 499 Boiling point Unknown Melting point 340-375° C Vapor pressure 4.06E-4 mm Hg @ 25°C (Aroclor 1242) 7.71E-5 mm Hg @ 25°C (Aroclor 1254) Air concentration conversion 1 ppm = 10.87 mg/m 3 (Aroclor 1242) 1 ppm = 13.33 mg/m 3 (Aroclor 1254) II. HEALTH ASSESSMENT VALUES Unit Risk Factor: 5.7 E-4 (µg/m 3 ) -1 (For use in cases where food chain exposure, sediment or soil ingestion, dust or aerosol inhalation, dermal exposure (if an absorption factor has been applied to reduce the external dose), presence of dioxin-like, tumorpromoting, or persistent congeners in other media or early-life exposure (all pathways and mixtures) is expected.) 1.1 E-4 (µg/m 3 ) -1 (For use in cases where ingestion of watersoluble congeners, inhalation of evaporated congeners or dermal exposure (if no absorption factor has been applied to reduce the external dose) is expected.) 2.0 E-5 (µg/m 3 ) -1 (For use in cases where congeners with more than four chlorines comprise less than one-half percent of total PCBs) [Calculated from a cancer potency factor derived by US EPA/IRIS (1996c) from rat liver tumor data (Norback and Weltman, 1985; Brunner et al., 1996), using a linear-quadratic multistage procedure and ¾ power body weight scaling to calculate an ED 10 (estimated dose associated with 10 percent increased incidence), and its lower bound, LED 10 . ] 486
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Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk A
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Prepared by: John D. Budroe, Ph.D.
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This document is one of five docume
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i INTRODU
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N-Nitrosodimethylamine 401 N-Nitros
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Hot Spots Unit Risk and Cancer Pote
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Additional ATES and PETS documents
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data. If several data sets (dose an
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US EPA Calculation of Carcinogenic
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exposure to a concentration of 1 µ
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incidences for each of the dose lev
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computes the surface area of a sphe
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Comparison of Hot Spots Cancer Unit
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Gold, L., de Veciana, M., Backman,
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Animal Studies Rats Woutersen et al
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ased on sufficient evidence of carc
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ACETAMIDE CAS No: 60-35-5 I. PHYSIC
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Methodology Expedited Proposition 6
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cancer mortality. However, US EPA (
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Table 2. Lung adenoma incidence in
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Table 3 (continued). Acrylamide-ind
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Robinson M, Bull RJ, Knutsen GL, Sh
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Also, a trend was observed correlat
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eported. Cause-specific expected de
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Bio/Dynamics Inc. conducted a study
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examination. Interim sacrifices wer
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Table 8. Tumor incidence in male an
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Gaffey WR and Strauss ME. 1981. A m
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(technical grade; 98% pure) by gava
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International Agency for Research o
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still alive in the low-dose control
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ANILINE CAS No: 62-53-3 I. PHYSICAL
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fibrosarcomas, stromal sarcomas, ca
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ARSENIC (INORGANIC) CAS No: 7440-38
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elationship between arsenic exposur
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al. (1988) did not induce lung tumo
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A risk assessment was also conducte
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Chen C, Chuang Y, You S, Lin T and
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Schrauzer G, White D, McGinness J,
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Table 1: Summary of epidemiologic s
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had at least one animal demonstrati
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mesothelioma, recommended lifetime
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National Institute for Occupational
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BENZENE CAS No: 71-43-2 I. PHYSICAL
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Animal Studies Available experiment
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Table 3: Summary of NTP bioassay re
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Table 4: Summary of benzene low-dos
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Maltoni C, Conti B and Cotti G. 198
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a benign tumor of the kidney. No ba
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al. (1968) found no tumors in lifet
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following relationship, where C(t 1
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Miakawa M. and Yoshida O. 1975. Pro
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human population and that BPDE-DNA
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demonstrated the tumor initiating a
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Table 4: Bronchoalveolar tumors fro
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Table 5: IARC groupings of PAHs, mi
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Table 6 (continued): IARC Group 3 P
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Potency Equivalency Factors (PEF) f
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This was rounded to a PEF of 0.1. 1
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experiment (Takayama et al., 1985)
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Deutsch-Wenzel RP, Brune H, Grimmer
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Krewski D, Thorslund T and Withey J
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Sorahan et al. (1983) studied cance
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Lijinsky W. 1986. Chronic bioassay
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the drinking water (Schroeder and M
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Table II. Effective dose, upper-bou
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BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)ETHER CAS No: 111
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IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
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BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)ETHER CAS No: 542-
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Table 1. Bis(chloromethyl)ether-ind
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Drew RT, Laskin S, Kuschner M and N
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ates for the 1968 U.S. male populat
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Table 1: Incidence of primary tumor
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National Institute of Occupational
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was less than 0.05 when controlling
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up period. The final cohort include
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If the cadmium-exposed workers incl
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on personnel records (20%); (3) eva
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were exposed to a continuous (23.5
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procedure (NLIN), the parameters we
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International Agency for Research o
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Two reports were published on cance
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Mendel rats, respectively), and sub
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Eschenbrenner A and Miller E. 1946.
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III. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS Human Stu
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cancers, were less than expected. T
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and no cases of cancer (although cl
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There was a statistically significa
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NTP (1982a) also conducted an carci
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Several pathologists have independe
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hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma tu
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carcinogenic potency may decline in
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Cochrane W, Singh J and Miles W. 19
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
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CHLORINATED PARAFFINS (average chai
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ased on dose-response data for beni
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chloroform in drinking water with k
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Overall, the present epidemiologica
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female dogs received toothpaste bas
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Calculated q 1 * values from the ab
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Hogan MD, Chi Py, Hoel DG and Mitch
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Table 1. Study design summary for N
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V. REFERENCES California Environmen
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toluidine. Followup of this subcoho
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feeding studies on by NCI (1979) us
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CHROMIUM (HEXAVALENT) CAS No: 18540
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expected rate may be inflated becau
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Oral Borneff et al. (1968) exposed
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CREOSOTE (COAL TAR-DERIVED) CAS No:
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from an inhalation exposure study (
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Table 1. Study design summary for N
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Table 1. Experimental design for ca
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Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB
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Table 1: Tumor induction in Fischer
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Table 1. Experimental design of 2,4
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Additional analysis of these data b
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Jackson RJ, Greene CJ, Thomas JT, M
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Table 1. Tumor incidence in rats ex
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Girard R, Tolot F, Martin P and Bou
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exposed more than 16 years before t
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interpretation of dose extrapolatio
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1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE CAS No: 75-34-3
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Table 1b. Study design for carcinog
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National Cancer Institute (NCI) 197
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mice, hepatocellular carcinoma inci
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V. REFERENCES California Department
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DAB/day by gavage for the life of t
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2,4-DINITROTOLUENE CAS No: 121-14-2
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Ellis et al.(1979) (also reported b
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Final Statement of Reasons for OAL,
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to the small sample size and short
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In an inhalation study, Torkelson e
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V. REFERENCES American Conference o
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EPICHLOROHYDRIN CAS No: 106-89-8 I.
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espiratory tumors were noted in the
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Table 4. Epichlorohydrin-induced fo
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Konishi Y, Kawabata A, Denda A, Ike
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exposed to arsenicals for 20 months
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espectively (all statistically sign
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ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE CAS No: 107-06-
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Several factors have been suggested
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myelogenous leukemias (4 and 8 year
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statistically significant. CDHS not
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combined with the incidence in the
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incidence of primary brain tumors.
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Table 6 (continued): Organ/Sex Mali
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An Upper 95% Confidence Limit (UCL)
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ETHYLENE THIOUREA (ETU) CAS No: 96-
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male and female rats. Tumor inciden
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FORMALDEHYDE CAS No: 50-00-0 I. PHY
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presented an extension of a previou
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Methodology In developing a spectru
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Casanova M, Morgan KT, Steinhagen W
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Tobe M, Kaneko T, Uchida Y, Kamata
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Table 1. Hexachlorobenzene-induced
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50 pups (F 1 ) of each sex were ran
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Ertürk E, Lambrecht RW, Peters HA,
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Table 1. Liver hepatoma incidence i
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1988). An airborne unit risk factor
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HYDRAZINE CAS No: 302-01-2 I. PHYSI
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Methodology Inhalation A linearized
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LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS (INORGANIC)
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and other occupational carcinogens
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y inhalation is similar for rats an
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Goyer RA. 1992. Nephrotoxicity and
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LINDANE (g-Hexachlorocyclohexane) C
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Using these relationships, a human
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METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) CAS
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Tumor incidences according to the r
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kidney changes indicative of chroni
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Interspecies scaling for oral doses
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Table 4 (continued): Dose Response
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Experimental Pathology Laboratories
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Animal Studies Male and female HaM/
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Gold L, Sawyer C, Magaw R, Backman
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Using the statistical tests (one-ta
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Table 1: Methylene chloride-induced
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Significant treatment-related incre
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National Toxicology Program (NTP) 1
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noted; however, the study duration
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Crump KS, Howe RB, Van Landingham C
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Table 1. Michler’s ketone-induced
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NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS CAS No:
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the high exposure group was 14.0. A
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male and 121 female rats, was expos
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2.1 - 2.6 × 10 -4 (µg/m 3 ) -1 .
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The increased incidence of bladder
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A linearized multistage procedure w
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N-NITROSO-N-METHYLETHYLAMINE CAS No
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propylamine in drinking water at 0.
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N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE CAS No: 55-18
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Table 2. Treatment groups, concentr
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California Department of Health Ser
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animals and the second generation t
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ationale for selection of the OEHHA
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A unit risk value based upon air co
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N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE CAS No: 86-3
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Methodology Dosage estimates of NDP
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Crump KS, Howe RB. 1984. The multis
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Table 1. P-Nitrosodiphenylamine-ind
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N-NITROSOMORPHOLINE CAS No: 59-89-2
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N-NITROSOPIPERIDINE CAS No: 100-75-
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Table 3. N-Nitrosopiperidine-induce
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Crump KS, Howe RB, Van Landingham C
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testicular tumors were noted in the
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PARTICULATE MATTER FROM DIESEL-FUEL
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etired railroad workers who had had
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employment (χ 2 test for trend: p
Page 443 and 444: elevated smoking-adjusted risk esti
Page 445 and 446: Table 1 (continued): Reference Miln
Page 447 and 448: Table 1 (continued): Reference Damb
Page 449 and 450: Table 1 (continued): Reference Burn
Page 451 and 452: Table 1 (continued): Reference Raff
Page 453 and 454: Table 1 (continued): Epidemiologica
Page 455 and 456: Table 1 (continued): Epidemiologica
Page 457 and 458: Table 1 (continued): Reference Wegm
Page 459 and 460: Animal Studies Section 6.1 (Animal
Page 461 and 462: The variability, or heterogeneity,
Page 463 and 464: estimate for those studies for whic
Page 465 and 466: Figure 1: Estimates of Relative Ris
Page 467 and 468: q 1 * = Excess relative risk × CA
Page 469 and 470: Table 3: Number of Workers in the E
Page 471 and 472: u nexposed workers at zero concentr
Page 473 and 474: for each µg/m 3 of diesel exhaust
Page 475 and 476: Table 4: Values from Unit Risk for
Page 477 and 478: their findings that a reasonable es
Page 479 and 480: Garshick E, Schenker M, Woskie S an
Page 481 and 482: Lewis T, Green, FH MW, Burg J and L
Page 483 and 484: Rothman K. 1986. Modern epidemiolog
Page 485 and 486: PENTACHLOROPHENOL CAS No: 87-86-5 I
Page 487 and 488: The default lifespan for mice is 10
Page 489 and 490: documented. An excess risk from ski
Page 491 and 492: B6C3F 1 mice and F344/N rats were e
Page 493: This model, rather than a time depe
Page 497 and 498: several benign adenomatous lesions
Page 499 and 500: Ito et al. (1973) exposed groups of
Page 501 and 502: could not be characterized by chlor
Page 503 and 504: exposure (all pathways and mixtures
Page 505 and 506: National Toxicology Program 1993. T
Page 507 and 508: Table 1. Potassium bromate-induced
Page 509 and 510: 1,3-PROPANE SULTONE CAS No: 1120-71
Page 511 and 512: IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
Page 513 and 514: PROPYLENE OXIDE CAS No: 75-56-9 I.
Page 515 and 516: oxide. In the NTP carcinogenicity s
Page 517 and 518: 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE CAS No: 7
Page 519 and 520: assumed a body weight of 70 kg and
Page 521 and 522: total); an untreated control group
Page 523 and 524: TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE CAS No: 26471-
Page 525 and 526: Animal Studies The National Toxicol
Page 527 and 528: Mortillaro PT and Schiavon M. 1982.
Page 529 and 530: male or female rats. Increases in h
Page 531 and 532: TRICHLOROETHYLENE CAS No: 79-01-6 I
Page 533 and 534: A mortality analysis of a cohort of
Page 535 and 536: elative to that of the controls whi
Page 537 and 538: applied or metabolized. The range o
Page 539 and 540: Katz RM and Jowett D. 1981. Female
Page 541 and 542: 10,000 ppm 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in
Page 543 and 544: IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
Page 545 and 546:
Bionetics Research Laboratories. 19
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control; females: 6/10 exposed, 0/1
Page 549 and 550:
over controls (p < 0.04). Other tum
Page 551 and 552:
was increased (100/314 exposed vs.
Page 553 and 554:
Table 3. Cancer potency estimates f
Page 555 and 556:
Crouch E. 1983. Uncertainties in in
Page 557 and 558:
VINYL CHLORIDE CAS No: 75-01-4 I. P
Page 559 and 560:
Table 1 (continued): A Summary of E
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al., 1983). Histopathology of all o
Page 563 and 564:
Table 3: Tumor incidences in 100 pp
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experiment, animals were exposed to
Page 567 and 568:
Experiment BT1 Most previous risk a
Page 569 and 570:
No statistical analyses of mortalit
Page 571 and 572:
Table 11 gives unit risk estimates
Page 573 and 574:
Bertazzi PA, Villa A, Foa V, Saia B
Page 575 and 576:
Nicholson WJ, Hammond EC, Seidman H
Page 577 and 578:
immunotoxicity, reproductive toxici
Page 579 and 580:
scheme. TEFs for two major noncance
Page 581 and 582:
NATO/CCMS (1988a) Pilot Study on In
Page 583 and 584:
Table 2 Toxicity Equivalency Factor
Page 585 and 586:
Table 4 A Comparison of CTEF- and I
Page 587 and 588:
Office of Environmental Health Haza
Page 589 and 590:
Group 4: The agent is probably not
Page 591 and 592:
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR DESC
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US EPA IRIS Inhalation Unit Risk an
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TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR DESC
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as appropriate, and revise IRIS fil
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Chemical Exposure Route Study Type
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Page 605 and 606:
Methyl tert-butyl ether p. 5: Added
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