home edit2 whole TSD November 2002 PDF format - OEHHA

than 0.5, the study cohort background incidence of respiratory cancer would be less than 50% of the
incidence among males in the Colorado population. On the other hand, CDHS (1990) concluded that it
was not appropriate to assume that the background incidence of respiratory cancer is higher (α > 1) in
the study cohort than it is in the control population. Because the lung cancer incidence for Colorado
males is 72% of the rate for U.S. males, CDHS selected the value α = 0.7 as a reasonable midrange
estimate. With this choice, the values of the MLE and 95% UCL for 0 are 0.0017 and 0.0028
(mg-days/m 3 ) -l , respectively. When the upper confidence limit estimate for β is used to estimate lifetime
cancer risk from the data and life-table methodology used by CDHS (1986), the resulting cancer unit
risk is 4.1 × 10 -3 (µg/m 3 ) -l . This value is within the range of unit risks (2 × 10 -3 to 1.2 × 10 -2 (µg/m 3 ) -1 )
contained in the cadmium TAC document and approved by the Scientific Review Panel.
V. REFERENCES
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in a Swedish battery factory. Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry 9:53-62.
Armstrong B and Kazantzis G. 1983. The mortality of cadmium workers. Lancet 1:1424-1427.
Axelson O. 1976. Aspects on confounding in occupational health epidemiology. Scand J Work
Environ Health 4:85-89.
Bureau of the Census 1982. 1980 Census of Population, Vol. 1, Ch. B, General Population
Characteristics, Part 6, California. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
California Department of Health Services (CDHS) 1982. Vital Statistics of California 1979-1980.
Center for Health Statistics.
California Department of Health Services (CDHS) 1986. Report to the Air Resources Board on
Cadmium. Part B. Health Effects of Cadmium. Epidemiological Studies Section, Berkeley, CA.
California Department of Health Services (CDHS) 1990. Risk-Specific Intake Levels for the
Proposition 65 Carcinogen Cadmium. Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Section, Health
Hazard Assessment Division.
Chiang C 1984. The Life Table and Its Applications. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, FL.
Hadley J, Conklin A and Sanders C. 1979. Systemic toxicity of inhaled cadmium oxide. Toxicol Lett
4:107-111.
Inskip H, Beral V and McDowall M. 1982. Mortality of Shipham residents: 40 year follow-up. Lancet
1:896-899.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1973. Cadmium and inorganic cadmium
compounds. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Vol.
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