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IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Basis for Cancer Potency Human studies do not provide adequate data for the development of a cancer potency value because of the presence of confounding factors in the studies (multiple compound exposures, no data on smoking status) and no reporting of exposure levels. The animal study by Lijinsky (1986) showing development of thyroid tumors in female rats, and forestomach papillomas and carcinomas in male and female mice provides data from which cancer potency values can be derived. Methodology Cancer potency values were derived by US EPA (1989) from the tumor incidence data presented in the study by Lijinsky (1986). The experimentally administered doses (15 and 30 mg/kg) were converted to time-weighted dosage based on the dosing schedule (3 times/week) and the experimental duration (107.5 weeks). The human equivalent dose (HED) was calculated based on an assumed experimental animal body weight (bw a ) of 0.35 kg and human body weight (bw h ) of 70 kg using the following relationship: HED = time-weighted dose × (bw a /bw h ) 1/3 The calculated human equivalent doses in the Lijinsky (1986) study were 1.06 and 2.12 mg/kg-day. A linearized multistage procedure (CDHS, 1985) was applied to the tumor incidence data for thyroid tumors in female rats (4/52 controls, 8/51 low-dose, 14/52 high-dose), forestomach tumors in male mice (0/51 controls, 5/50 low-dose, 32/52 high-dose) and forestomach tumors in female mice (0/52 controls, 5/50 low-dose, 19/51 high-dose). This resulted in estimations of the upper 95% confidence bound of cancer potency (q 1 * ) of 0.17, 0.056, and 0.12 (mg/kg-day) -1 , respectively. Selection of the cancer potency value is made in the most sensitive species and site; therefore, the cancer potency value [0.17 (mg/kg-day) -1 ] derived from the female rat C-cell thyroid tumor data was chosen. A unit risk value of 4.9 E-5 (µg/m 3 ) -1 was derived by ATES/<strong>OEHHA</strong> assuming a human breathing rate of 20 m 3 /day, a human body weight of 70 kg, and 100% fractional absorption after inhalation exposure. V. REFERENCES Druckrey H, Kruse H, Preussmann R, Ivankovic S and Landschütz, C. 1970. Cancerogenic alkylating substances. III. Alkyl-halogenides, -sulfates, -sulfonates and strained heterocyclic compounds. Z Krebsforsch 74:241-273. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) 1994. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD (CD- ROM Version). Micromedex, Inc., Denver, CO, Edition 22. 123
Lijinsky W. 1986. Chronic bioassay of benzyl chloride in F344 rats and (C57BL/6J × BALB/c) F 1 mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 76:1231-1236. Poirier L, Stoner G and Shimkin, M. 1975. Bioassay of alkyl halides and nucleotide base analogs by pulmonary tumor response in strain A mice. Cancer Res 35:1411-5. Sakabe H and Fukuda K. 1977. An updating report on cancer among benzoyl chloride manufacturing workers. Ind Health 15:173-4. Sakabe H, Matsushita H and Koshi S. 1976. Cancer among benzoyl chloride manufacturing workers. Ann NY Acad Sci 271:67-70. Sorahan T, Waterhouse J, Cooke M, Smith E, Jackson J and Temkin, L. 1983. A mortality study of workers in a factory manufacturing chlorinated toluenes. Ann Occup Hyg 27:173-182. Wong O and Morgan R. 1984. Final report. A cohort mortality study of employees at the Velsicol Chattanooga Plant. 1943-1982. Prepared for the Velsicol Chemical Corp. by Environmental Health Associates, Inc. TSCA 8e submission 8EHQ-0884-0522, 88-8400657. 124
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Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk A
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Prepared by: John D. Budroe, Ph.D.
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This document is one of five docume
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i INTRODU
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N-Nitrosodimethylamine 401 N-Nitros
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Hot Spots Unit Risk and Cancer Pote
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Additional ATES and PETS documents
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data. If several data sets (dose an
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US EPA Calculation of Carcinogenic
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exposure to a concentration of 1 µ
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incidences for each of the dose lev
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computes the surface area of a sphe
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Comparison of Hot Spots Cancer Unit
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Gold, L., de Veciana, M., Backman,
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Animal Studies Rats Woutersen et al
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ased on sufficient evidence of carc
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ACETAMIDE CAS No: 60-35-5 I. PHYSIC
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Methodology Expedited Proposition 6
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cancer mortality. However, US EPA (
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Table 2. Lung adenoma incidence in
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Table 3 (continued). Acrylamide-ind
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Robinson M, Bull RJ, Knutsen GL, Sh
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Also, a trend was observed correlat
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eported. Cause-specific expected de
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Bio/Dynamics Inc. conducted a study
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examination. Interim sacrifices wer
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Table 8. Tumor incidence in male an
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Gaffey WR and Strauss ME. 1981. A m
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(technical grade; 98% pure) by gava
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International Agency for Research o
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still alive in the low-dose control
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ANILINE CAS No: 62-53-3 I. PHYSICAL
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fibrosarcomas, stromal sarcomas, ca
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ARSENIC (INORGANIC) CAS No: 7440-38
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elationship between arsenic exposur
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al. (1988) did not induce lung tumo
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A risk assessment was also conducte
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Chen C, Chuang Y, You S, Lin T and
Page 81 and 82: Schrauzer G, White D, McGinness J,
Page 83 and 84: Table 1: Summary of epidemiologic s
Page 85 and 86: had at least one animal demonstrati
Page 87 and 88: mesothelioma, recommended lifetime
Page 89 and 90: National Institute for Occupational
Page 91 and 92: BENZENE CAS No: 71-43-2 I. PHYSICAL
Page 93 and 94: Animal Studies Available experiment
Page 95 and 96: Table 3: Summary of NTP bioassay re
Page 97 and 98: Table 4: Summary of benzene low-dos
Page 99 and 100: Maltoni C, Conti B and Cotti G. 198
Page 101 and 102: a benign tumor of the kidney. No ba
Page 103 and 104: al. (1968) found no tumors in lifet
Page 105 and 106: following relationship, where C(t 1
Page 107 and 108: Miakawa M. and Yoshida O. 1975. Pro
Page 109 and 110: human population and that BPDE-DNA
Page 111 and 112: demonstrated the tumor initiating a
Page 113 and 114: Table 4: Bronchoalveolar tumors fro
Page 115 and 116: Table 5: IARC groupings of PAHs, mi
Page 117 and 118: Table 6 (continued): IARC Group 3 P
Page 119 and 120: Potency Equivalency Factors (PEF) f
Page 121 and 122: This was rounded to a PEF of 0.1. 1
Page 123 and 124: experiment (Takayama et al., 1985)
Page 125 and 126: Deutsch-Wenzel RP, Brune H, Grimmer
Page 127 and 128: Krewski D, Thorslund T and Withey J
Page 129 and 130: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 131: Sorahan et al. (1983) studied cance
Page 135 and 136: the drinking water (Schroeder and M
Page 137 and 138: Table II. Effective dose, upper-bou
Page 139 and 140: BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)ETHER CAS No: 111
Page 141 and 142: IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
Page 143 and 144: BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)ETHER CAS No: 542-
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Bis(chloromethyl)ether-ind
Page 147 and 148: Drew RT, Laskin S, Kuschner M and N
Page 149 and 150: ates for the 1968 U.S. male populat
Page 151 and 152: Table 1: Incidence of primary tumor
Page 153 and 154: IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
Page 155 and 156: National Institute of Occupational
Page 157 and 158: was less than 0.05 when controlling
Page 159 and 160: up period. The final cohort include
Page 161 and 162: If the cadmium-exposed workers incl
Page 163 and 164: on personnel records (20%); (3) eva
Page 165 and 166: were exposed to a continuous (23.5
Page 167 and 168: procedure (NLIN), the parameters we
Page 169 and 170: International Agency for Research o
Page 171 and 172: Two reports were published on cance
Page 173 and 174: Mendel rats, respectively), and sub
Page 175 and 176: Eschenbrenner A and Miller E. 1946.
Page 177 and 178: III. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS Human Stu
Page 179 and 180: cancers, were less than expected. T
Page 181 and 182: and no cases of cancer (although cl
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There was a statistically significa
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NTP (1982a) also conducted an carci
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Several pathologists have independe
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hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma tu
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carcinogenic potency may decline in
Page 193 and 194:
Cochrane W, Singh J and Miles W. 19
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
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CHLORINATED PARAFFINS (average chai
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ased on dose-response data for beni
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chloroform in drinking water with k
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Overall, the present epidemiologica
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female dogs received toothpaste bas
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Calculated q 1 * values from the ab
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Hogan MD, Chi Py, Hoel DG and Mitch
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Table 1. Study design summary for N
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V. REFERENCES California Environmen
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toluidine. Followup of this subcoho
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feeding studies on by NCI (1979) us
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CHROMIUM (HEXAVALENT) CAS No: 18540
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expected rate may be inflated becau
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Oral Borneff et al. (1968) exposed
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CREOSOTE (COAL TAR-DERIVED) CAS No:
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from an inhalation exposure study (
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Table 1. Study design summary for N
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Table 1. Experimental design for ca
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Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB
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Table 1: Tumor induction in Fischer
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Table 1. Experimental design of 2,4
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Additional analysis of these data b
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IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
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Jackson RJ, Greene CJ, Thomas JT, M
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Table 1. Tumor incidence in rats ex
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Girard R, Tolot F, Martin P and Bou
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exposed more than 16 years before t
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interpretation of dose extrapolatio
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1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE CAS No: 75-34-3
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Table 1b. Study design for carcinog
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National Cancer Institute (NCI) 197
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mice, hepatocellular carcinoma inci
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V. REFERENCES California Department
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DAB/day by gavage for the life of t
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2,4-DINITROTOLUENE CAS No: 121-14-2
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Ellis et al.(1979) (also reported b
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Final Statement of Reasons for OAL,
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to the small sample size and short
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In an inhalation study, Torkelson e
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V. REFERENCES American Conference o
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EPICHLOROHYDRIN CAS No: 106-89-8 I.
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espiratory tumors were noted in the
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Table 4. Epichlorohydrin-induced fo
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Konishi Y, Kawabata A, Denda A, Ike
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exposed to arsenicals for 20 months
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espectively (all statistically sign
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ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE CAS No: 107-06-
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Several factors have been suggested
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myelogenous leukemias (4 and 8 year
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statistically significant. CDHS not
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combined with the incidence in the
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incidence of primary brain tumors.
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Table 6 (continued): Organ/Sex Mali
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An Upper 95% Confidence Limit (UCL)
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ETHYLENE THIOUREA (ETU) CAS No: 96-
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male and female rats. Tumor inciden
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FORMALDEHYDE CAS No: 50-00-0 I. PHY
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presented an extension of a previou
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Methodology In developing a spectru
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Casanova M, Morgan KT, Steinhagen W
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Tobe M, Kaneko T, Uchida Y, Kamata
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Table 1. Hexachlorobenzene-induced
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50 pups (F 1 ) of each sex were ran
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Ertürk E, Lambrecht RW, Peters HA,
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Table 1. Liver hepatoma incidence i
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1988). An airborne unit risk factor
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HYDRAZINE CAS No: 302-01-2 I. PHYSI
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Methodology Inhalation A linearized
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LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS (INORGANIC)
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and other occupational carcinogens
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y inhalation is similar for rats an
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Goyer RA. 1992. Nephrotoxicity and
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LINDANE (g-Hexachlorocyclohexane) C
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Using these relationships, a human
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METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) CAS
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Tumor incidences according to the r
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kidney changes indicative of chroni
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Interspecies scaling for oral doses
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Table 4 (continued): Dose Response
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Experimental Pathology Laboratories
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Animal Studies Male and female HaM/
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Gold L, Sawyer C, Magaw R, Backman
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Using the statistical tests (one-ta
Page 373 and 374:
Table 1: Methylene chloride-induced
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Significant treatment-related incre
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National Toxicology Program (NTP) 1
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noted; however, the study duration
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Crump KS, Howe RB, Van Landingham C
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Table 1. Michler’s ketone-induced
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NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS CAS No:
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the high exposure group was 14.0. A
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male and 121 female rats, was expos
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2.1 - 2.6 × 10 -4 (µg/m 3 ) -1 .
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The increased incidence of bladder
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A linearized multistage procedure w
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N-NITROSO-N-METHYLETHYLAMINE CAS No
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propylamine in drinking water at 0.
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N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE CAS No: 55-18
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Table 2. Treatment groups, concentr
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California Department of Health Ser
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animals and the second generation t
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ationale for selection of the OEHHA
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A unit risk value based upon air co
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N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE CAS No: 86-3
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Methodology Dosage estimates of NDP
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Crump KS, Howe RB. 1984. The multis
Page 423 and 424:
Table 1. P-Nitrosodiphenylamine-ind
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N-NITROSOMORPHOLINE CAS No: 59-89-2
Page 427 and 428:
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N-NITROSOPIPERIDINE CAS No: 100-75-
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Table 3. N-Nitrosopiperidine-induce
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Crump KS, Howe RB, Van Landingham C
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testicular tumors were noted in the
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PARTICULATE MATTER FROM DIESEL-FUEL
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etired railroad workers who had had
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employment (χ 2 test for trend: p
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elevated smoking-adjusted risk esti
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Miln
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Damb
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Burn
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Raff
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Table 1 (continued): Epidemiologica
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Table 1 (continued): Epidemiologica
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Wegm
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Animal Studies Section 6.1 (Animal
Page 461 and 462:
The variability, or heterogeneity,
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estimate for those studies for whic
Page 465 and 466:
Figure 1: Estimates of Relative Ris
Page 467 and 468:
q 1 * = Excess relative risk × CA
Page 469 and 470:
Table 3: Number of Workers in the E
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u nexposed workers at zero concentr
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for each µg/m 3 of diesel exhaust
Page 475 and 476:
Table 4: Values from Unit Risk for
Page 477 and 478:
their findings that a reasonable es
Page 479 and 480:
Garshick E, Schenker M, Woskie S an
Page 481 and 482:
Lewis T, Green, FH MW, Burg J and L
Page 483 and 484:
Rothman K. 1986. Modern epidemiolog
Page 485 and 486:
PENTACHLOROPHENOL CAS No: 87-86-5 I
Page 487 and 488:
The default lifespan for mice is 10
Page 489 and 490:
documented. An excess risk from ski
Page 491 and 492:
B6C3F 1 mice and F344/N rats were e
Page 493 and 494:
This model, rather than a time depe
Page 495 and 496:
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) CA
Page 497 and 498:
several benign adenomatous lesions
Page 499 and 500:
Ito et al. (1973) exposed groups of
Page 501 and 502:
could not be characterized by chlor
Page 503 and 504:
exposure (all pathways and mixtures
Page 505 and 506:
National Toxicology Program 1993. T
Page 507 and 508:
Table 1. Potassium bromate-induced
Page 509 and 510:
1,3-PROPANE SULTONE CAS No: 1120-71
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
PROPYLENE OXIDE CAS No: 75-56-9 I.
Page 515 and 516:
oxide. In the NTP carcinogenicity s
Page 517 and 518:
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE CAS No: 7
Page 519 and 520:
assumed a body weight of 70 kg and
Page 521 and 522:
total); an untreated control group
Page 523 and 524:
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE CAS No: 26471-
Page 525 and 526:
Animal Studies The National Toxicol
Page 527 and 528:
Mortillaro PT and Schiavon M. 1982.
Page 529 and 530:
male or female rats. Increases in h
Page 531 and 532:
TRICHLOROETHYLENE CAS No: 79-01-6 I
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A mortality analysis of a cohort of
Page 535 and 536:
elative to that of the controls whi
Page 537 and 538:
applied or metabolized. The range o
Page 539 and 540:
Katz RM and Jowett D. 1981. Female
Page 541 and 542:
10,000 ppm 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Bionetics Research Laboratories. 19
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control; females: 6/10 exposed, 0/1
Page 549 and 550:
over controls (p < 0.04). Other tum
Page 551 and 552:
was increased (100/314 exposed vs.
Page 553 and 554:
Table 3. Cancer potency estimates f
Page 555 and 556:
Crouch E. 1983. Uncertainties in in
Page 557 and 558:
VINYL CHLORIDE CAS No: 75-01-4 I. P
Page 559 and 560:
Table 1 (continued): A Summary of E
Page 561 and 562:
al., 1983). Histopathology of all o
Page 563 and 564:
Table 3: Tumor incidences in 100 pp
Page 565 and 566:
experiment, animals were exposed to
Page 567 and 568:
Experiment BT1 Most previous risk a
Page 569 and 570:
No statistical analyses of mortalit
Page 571 and 572:
Table 11 gives unit risk estimates
Page 573 and 574:
Bertazzi PA, Villa A, Foa V, Saia B
Page 575 and 576:
Nicholson WJ, Hammond EC, Seidman H
Page 577 and 578:
immunotoxicity, reproductive toxici
Page 579 and 580:
scheme. TEFs for two major noncance
Page 581 and 582:
NATO/CCMS (1988a) Pilot Study on In
Page 583 and 584:
Table 2 Toxicity Equivalency Factor
Page 585 and 586:
Table 4 A Comparison of CTEF- and I
Page 587 and 588:
Office of Environmental Health Haza
Page 589 and 590:
Group 4: The agent is probably not
Page 591 and 592:
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR DESC
Page 593 and 594:
US EPA IRIS Inhalation Unit Risk an
Page 595 and 596:
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR DESC
Page 597 and 598:
as appropriate, and revise IRIS fil
Page 599 and 600:
Chemical Exposure Route Study Type
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Page 605 and 606:
Methyl tert-butyl ether p. 5: Added
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