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Boutwell RK and Bosch DK. 1958. The carcinogenicity of creosote oil: Its role in the induction of skin tumors in mice. Cancer Res 18:1171-1175. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (<strong>OEHHA</strong>) 1993. Benzo[a]pyrene as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Part B. Health Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Toxicology and Epidemiology Section, Berkeley, CA. Flodin U, Fredriksson M and Persson B. 1987. Multiple myeloma and engine exhausts, fresh wood, and creosote: a case-referent study. Am J Ind Med 12:519-529. Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB) 1994. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD (CD- ROM Version). Micromedix, Inc., Denver CO, Edition 22. Henry SA. (1946): Cancer of the Scrotum in Relation to Occupation. Oxford University Press, New York. Henry SA. 1947. Occupational cutaneous cancer attributable to certain chemicals in industry. Br Med Bull 4:389-401. Howe RB and van Landingham C. 1986. GLOBAL86. Clement Associates, Ruston LA. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1985. Low -temperature coal-tars. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Volume 35. IARC, Lyon, France, pp. 84-155. Lijinsky W, Saffiotti U and Shubik P. 1957. A study of the chemical constitution and carcinogenic action of creosote oil. J Natl Cancer Inst 18:687-692. Poel WE and Kammer AG. 1957. Experimental carcinogenicity of coal-tar fractions: the carcinogenicity of creosote oils. J Natl Cancer Inst 18:41-55. Roe FJC, Bosch D and Boutwell RK. 1958. The carcinogenicity of creosote oil: the induction of lung tumors in mice. Cancer Res 18:1176-1178. Thyssen J, Althoff J, Kimmerle G and Mohr, U. 1981. Inhalation studies with benzo[a]pyrene in Syrian golden hamsters. J Natl Cancer Inst 66:575-577. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1986. Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Creosote (8001-58-9). Carcinogen Assessment Group, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington DC. 219
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1987. Integrated Risk Assessment System: Creosote. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. Wright CW, Later DW and Wilson BW. 1985. Comparative chemical analysis of commercial creosotes and solvent refined Coal-II materials by high resolution gas chromatography. J High Res Chromat Chromat Comm 8:283-289. 220
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Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk A
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Prepared by: John D. Budroe, Ph.D.
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This document is one of five docume
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i INTRODU
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N-Nitrosodimethylamine 401 N-Nitros
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Hot Spots Unit Risk and Cancer Pote
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Additional ATES and PETS documents
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data. If several data sets (dose an
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US EPA Calculation of Carcinogenic
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exposure to a concentration of 1 µ
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incidences for each of the dose lev
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computes the surface area of a sphe
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Comparison of Hot Spots Cancer Unit
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Gold, L., de Veciana, M., Backman,
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Animal Studies Rats Woutersen et al
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ased on sufficient evidence of carc
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ACETAMIDE CAS No: 60-35-5 I. PHYSIC
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Methodology Expedited Proposition 6
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cancer mortality. However, US EPA (
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Table 2. Lung adenoma incidence in
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Table 3 (continued). Acrylamide-ind
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Robinson M, Bull RJ, Knutsen GL, Sh
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Also, a trend was observed correlat
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eported. Cause-specific expected de
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Bio/Dynamics Inc. conducted a study
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examination. Interim sacrifices wer
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Table 8. Tumor incidence in male an
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Gaffey WR and Strauss ME. 1981. A m
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(technical grade; 98% pure) by gava
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International Agency for Research o
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still alive in the low-dose control
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ANILINE CAS No: 62-53-3 I. PHYSICAL
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fibrosarcomas, stromal sarcomas, ca
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ARSENIC (INORGANIC) CAS No: 7440-38
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elationship between arsenic exposur
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al. (1988) did not induce lung tumo
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A risk assessment was also conducte
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Chen C, Chuang Y, You S, Lin T and
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Schrauzer G, White D, McGinness J,
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Table 1: Summary of epidemiologic s
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had at least one animal demonstrati
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mesothelioma, recommended lifetime
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National Institute for Occupational
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BENZENE CAS No: 71-43-2 I. PHYSICAL
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Animal Studies Available experiment
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Table 3: Summary of NTP bioassay re
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Table 4: Summary of benzene low-dos
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Maltoni C, Conti B and Cotti G. 198
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a benign tumor of the kidney. No ba
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al. (1968) found no tumors in lifet
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following relationship, where C(t 1
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Miakawa M. and Yoshida O. 1975. Pro
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human population and that BPDE-DNA
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demonstrated the tumor initiating a
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Table 4: Bronchoalveolar tumors fro
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Table 5: IARC groupings of PAHs, mi
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Table 6 (continued): IARC Group 3 P
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Potency Equivalency Factors (PEF) f
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This was rounded to a PEF of 0.1. 1
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experiment (Takayama et al., 1985)
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Deutsch-Wenzel RP, Brune H, Grimmer
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Krewski D, Thorslund T and Withey J
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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Sorahan et al. (1983) studied cance
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Lijinsky W. 1986. Chronic bioassay
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the drinking water (Schroeder and M
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Table II. Effective dose, upper-bou
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BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)ETHER CAS No: 111
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IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
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BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)ETHER CAS No: 542-
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Table 1. Bis(chloromethyl)ether-ind
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Drew RT, Laskin S, Kuschner M and N
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ates for the 1968 U.S. male populat
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Table 1: Incidence of primary tumor
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National Institute of Occupational
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was less than 0.05 when controlling
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up period. The final cohort include
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If the cadmium-exposed workers incl
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on personnel records (20%); (3) eva
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were exposed to a continuous (23.5
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procedure (NLIN), the parameters we
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International Agency for Research o
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Two reports were published on cance
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Mendel rats, respectively), and sub
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Eschenbrenner A and Miller E. 1946.
Page 177 and 178: III. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS Human Stu
Page 179 and 180: cancers, were less than expected. T
Page 181 and 182: and no cases of cancer (although cl
Page 183 and 184: There was a statistically significa
Page 185 and 186: NTP (1982a) also conducted an carci
Page 187 and 188: Several pathologists have independe
Page 189 and 190: hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma tu
Page 191 and 192: carcinogenic potency may decline in
Page 193 and 194: Cochrane W, Singh J and Miles W. 19
Page 195 and 196: North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
Page 197 and 198: CHLORINATED PARAFFINS (average chai
Page 199 and 200: ased on dose-response data for beni
Page 201 and 202: chloroform in drinking water with k
Page 203 and 204: Overall, the present epidemiologica
Page 205 and 206: female dogs received toothpaste bas
Page 207 and 208: Calculated q 1 * values from the ab
Page 209 and 210: Hogan MD, Chi Py, Hoel DG and Mitch
Page 211 and 212: Table 1. Study design summary for N
Page 213 and 214: V. REFERENCES California Environmen
Page 215 and 216: toluidine. Followup of this subcoho
Page 217 and 218: feeding studies on by NCI (1979) us
Page 219 and 220: CHROMIUM (HEXAVALENT) CAS No: 18540
Page 221 and 222: expected rate may be inflated becau
Page 223 and 224: Oral Borneff et al. (1968) exposed
Page 225 and 226: CREOSOTE (COAL TAR-DERIVED) CAS No:
Page 227: from an inhalation exposure study (
Page 231 and 232: Table 1. Study design summary for N
Page 233 and 234: Methodology Expedited Proposition 6
Page 235 and 236: Table 1. Experimental design for ca
Page 237 and 238: Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB
Page 239 and 240: Table 1: Tumor induction in Fischer
Page 241 and 242: Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB
Page 243 and 244: Table 1. Experimental design of 2,4
Page 245 and 246: Methodology Expedited Proposition 6
Page 247 and 248: Additional analysis of these data b
Page 249 and 250: IV. DERIVATION OF CANCER POTENCY Ba
Page 251 and 252: Jackson RJ, Greene CJ, Thomas JT, M
Page 253 and 254: Table 1. Tumor incidence in rats ex
Page 255 and 256: Girard R, Tolot F, Martin P and Bou
Page 257 and 258: exposed more than 16 years before t
Page 259 and 260: interpretation of dose extrapolatio
Page 261 and 262: 1, 1-DICHLOROETHANE CAS No: 75-34-3
Page 263 and 264: Table 1b. Study design for carcinog
Page 265 and 266: National Cancer Institute (NCI) 197
Page 267 and 268: mice, hepatocellular carcinoma inci
Page 269 and 270: V. REFERENCES California Department
Page 271 and 272: DAB/day by gavage for the life of t
Page 273 and 274: 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE CAS No: 121-14-2
Page 275 and 276: Ellis et al.(1979) (also reported b
Page 277 and 278: Final Statement of Reasons for OAL,
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to the small sample size and short
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In an inhalation study, Torkelson e
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V. REFERENCES American Conference o
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EPICHLOROHYDRIN CAS No: 106-89-8 I.
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espiratory tumors were noted in the
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Table 4. Epichlorohydrin-induced fo
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Konishi Y, Kawabata A, Denda A, Ike
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exposed to arsenicals for 20 months
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espectively (all statistically sign
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ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE CAS No: 107-06-
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Several factors have been suggested
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myelogenous leukemias (4 and 8 year
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statistically significant. CDHS not
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combined with the incidence in the
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incidence of primary brain tumors.
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Table 6 (continued): Organ/Sex Mali
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An Upper 95% Confidence Limit (UCL)
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ETHYLENE THIOUREA (ETU) CAS No: 96-
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male and female rats. Tumor inciden
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FORMALDEHYDE CAS No: 50-00-0 I. PHY
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presented an extension of a previou
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Methodology In developing a spectru
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Casanova M, Morgan KT, Steinhagen W
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Tobe M, Kaneko T, Uchida Y, Kamata
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Table 1. Hexachlorobenzene-induced
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50 pups (F 1 ) of each sex were ran
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Ertürk E, Lambrecht RW, Peters HA,
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Table 1. Liver hepatoma incidence i
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1988). An airborne unit risk factor
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HYDRAZINE CAS No: 302-01-2 I. PHYSI
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Methodology Inhalation A linearized
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LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS (INORGANIC)
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and other occupational carcinogens
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y inhalation is similar for rats an
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Goyer RA. 1992. Nephrotoxicity and
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LINDANE (g-Hexachlorocyclohexane) C
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Using these relationships, a human
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METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) CAS
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Tumor incidences according to the r
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kidney changes indicative of chroni
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Interspecies scaling for oral doses
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Table 4 (continued): Dose Response
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Experimental Pathology Laboratories
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Animal Studies Male and female HaM/
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Gold L, Sawyer C, Magaw R, Backman
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Using the statistical tests (one-ta
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Table 1: Methylene chloride-induced
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Significant treatment-related incre
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National Toxicology Program (NTP) 1
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noted; however, the study duration
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Crump KS, Howe RB, Van Landingham C
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Table 1. Michler’s ketone-induced
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NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS CAS No:
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the high exposure group was 14.0. A
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male and 121 female rats, was expos
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2.1 - 2.6 × 10 -4 (µg/m 3 ) -1 .
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The increased incidence of bladder
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A linearized multistage procedure w
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N-NITROSO-N-METHYLETHYLAMINE CAS No
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Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB
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propylamine in drinking water at 0.
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N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE CAS No: 55-18
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Table 2. Treatment groups, concentr
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California Department of Health Ser
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animals and the second generation t
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ationale for selection of the OEHHA
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A unit risk value based upon air co
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N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE CAS No: 86-3
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Methodology Dosage estimates of NDP
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Crump KS, Howe RB. 1984. The multis
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Table 1. P-Nitrosodiphenylamine-ind
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N-NITROSOMORPHOLINE CAS No: 59-89-2
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N-NITROSOPIPERIDINE CAS No: 100-75-
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Table 3. N-Nitrosopiperidine-induce
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Crump KS, Howe RB, Van Landingham C
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testicular tumors were noted in the
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PARTICULATE MATTER FROM DIESEL-FUEL
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etired railroad workers who had had
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employment (χ 2 test for trend: p
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elevated smoking-adjusted risk esti
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Miln
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Damb
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Burn
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Raff
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Table 1 (continued): Epidemiologica
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Table 1 (continued): Epidemiologica
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Table 1 (continued): Reference Wegm
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Animal Studies Section 6.1 (Animal
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The variability, or heterogeneity,
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estimate for those studies for whic
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Figure 1: Estimates of Relative Ris
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q 1 * = Excess relative risk × CA
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Table 3: Number of Workers in the E
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u nexposed workers at zero concentr
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for each µg/m 3 of diesel exhaust
Page 475 and 476:
Table 4: Values from Unit Risk for
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their findings that a reasonable es
Page 479 and 480:
Garshick E, Schenker M, Woskie S an
Page 481 and 482:
Lewis T, Green, FH MW, Burg J and L
Page 483 and 484:
Rothman K. 1986. Modern epidemiolog
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PENTACHLOROPHENOL CAS No: 87-86-5 I
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The default lifespan for mice is 10
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documented. An excess risk from ski
Page 491 and 492:
B6C3F 1 mice and F344/N rats were e
Page 493 and 494:
This model, rather than a time depe
Page 495 and 496:
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) CA
Page 497 and 498:
several benign adenomatous lesions
Page 499 and 500:
Ito et al. (1973) exposed groups of
Page 501 and 502:
could not be characterized by chlor
Page 503 and 504:
exposure (all pathways and mixtures
Page 505 and 506:
National Toxicology Program 1993. T
Page 507 and 508:
Table 1. Potassium bromate-induced
Page 509 and 510:
1,3-PROPANE SULTONE CAS No: 1120-71
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
PROPYLENE OXIDE CAS No: 75-56-9 I.
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oxide. In the NTP carcinogenicity s
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1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE CAS No: 7
Page 519 and 520:
assumed a body weight of 70 kg and
Page 521 and 522:
total); an untreated control group
Page 523 and 524:
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE CAS No: 26471-
Page 525 and 526:
Animal Studies The National Toxicol
Page 527 and 528:
Mortillaro PT and Schiavon M. 1982.
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male or female rats. Increases in h
Page 531 and 532:
TRICHLOROETHYLENE CAS No: 79-01-6 I
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A mortality analysis of a cohort of
Page 535 and 536:
elative to that of the controls whi
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applied or metabolized. The range o
Page 539 and 540:
Katz RM and Jowett D. 1981. Female
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10,000 ppm 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Bionetics Research Laboratories. 19
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control; females: 6/10 exposed, 0/1
Page 549 and 550:
over controls (p < 0.04). Other tum
Page 551 and 552:
was increased (100/314 exposed vs.
Page 553 and 554:
Table 3. Cancer potency estimates f
Page 555 and 556:
Crouch E. 1983. Uncertainties in in
Page 557 and 558:
VINYL CHLORIDE CAS No: 75-01-4 I. P
Page 559 and 560:
Table 1 (continued): A Summary of E
Page 561 and 562:
al., 1983). Histopathology of all o
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Table 3: Tumor incidences in 100 pp
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experiment, animals were exposed to
Page 567 and 568:
Experiment BT1 Most previous risk a
Page 569 and 570:
No statistical analyses of mortalit
Page 571 and 572:
Table 11 gives unit risk estimates
Page 573 and 574:
Bertazzi PA, Villa A, Foa V, Saia B
Page 575 and 576:
Nicholson WJ, Hammond EC, Seidman H
Page 577 and 578:
immunotoxicity, reproductive toxici
Page 579 and 580:
scheme. TEFs for two major noncance
Page 581 and 582:
NATO/CCMS (1988a) Pilot Study on In
Page 583 and 584:
Table 2 Toxicity Equivalency Factor
Page 585 and 586:
Table 4 A Comparison of CTEF- and I
Page 587 and 588:
Office of Environmental Health Haza
Page 589 and 590:
Group 4: The agent is probably not
Page 591 and 592:
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR DESC
Page 593 and 594:
US EPA IRIS Inhalation Unit Risk an
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TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR DESC
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as appropriate, and revise IRIS fil
Page 599 and 600:
Chemical Exposure Route Study Type
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Page 605 and 606:
Methyl tert-butyl ether p. 5: Added
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