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exposure level of 1.0 ppm, the prediction of 95% upper confidence limits on respiratory tract cancer<br />

was 32 × 10 -3 for the three-stage tissue-dose model with generic contact scaling factor. Thus, the<br />

upper range of human cancer risk predictions from the rat bioassay data (Kerns et al., 1983) was<br />

consistent with the occupational exposure cancer risk data.<br />

V. REFERENCES<br />

Acheson ED, Barnes HR, Gardner MJ, Osmond C, Pannett B and Taylor CP. 1984a. Formaldehyde<br />

in the British chemical industry. Lancet 1:611-616.<br />

Acheson ED, Barnes HR, Gardner MJ, Osmond C, Pannett B and Taylor CP. 1984b. Formaldehyde<br />

process workers and lung cancer. Lancet 1:1066-1067.<br />

Albert RE, Sellakumar AR, Laskin S, Kuschner M, Nelson N and Snyder DA. 1982. Gaseous<br />

formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride induction of nasal cancer in the rat. JNCI 68:597-603.<br />

Berke JH. 1987. Cytologic examination of the nasal mucosa in formaldehyde-exposed workers. J<br />

Occup Med 29:681-684.<br />

Bertazzi PA, Pesatori AC, Radice L, Zocchetti C and Vai T. 1986. Exposure to formaldehyde and<br />

cancer mortality in a cohort of workers producing resins. Scand J Work Environ Health 12:461-468.<br />

Bertazzi PA, Pesatori A, Guercilena S, Consonni D and Zocchetti C. 1989. Cancer risks among<br />

workers producing formaldehyde-based resins: extension of follow-up. Med Lav 80:112-122.<br />

Blair A, Stewart P, O' Berg M, Gaffey W, Walrath J, Ward J, Bales R, Kaplan S and Cubit D. 1986.<br />

Mortality among industrial workers exposed to formaldehyde. JNCI 76:1071-1084.<br />

Blair A, Stewart PA, Hoover RN and Fraumeni RF. 1987. Cancers of the nasopharynx and<br />

oropharynx and formaldehyde exposure. JNCI 78:191-192.<br />

Blair A, Stewart PA and Hoover RN. 1990a. Mortality from lung cancer among workers employed in<br />

formaldehyde industries. Am J Ind Med 17:683-699.<br />

Boysen M, Zadig E, Digernes V, Abeler V and Reith A. 1990. Nasal mucosa in workers exposed to<br />

formaldehyde: a pilot study. Br J Ind Med 47:116-121.<br />

California Department of Health Sciences (CDHS) 1985. Guidelines for Chemical Carcinogen Risk<br />

Assessments and Their Scientific Rationale.<br />

Casanova M, Deyo DF and Heck HD. 1989. Covalent binding of inhaled formaldehyde to DNA in the<br />

nasal mucosa of Fischer 344 rats: analysis of formaldehyde and DNA by high-performance liquid<br />

chromatography and provisional pharmacokinetic interpretation. Fund Appl Toxicol 12:397-419.<br />

315

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