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Table 1 (continued):
Reference
Raffle 1957
England
Waller 1981
England
Rushton et al.
1983
England
Buiatti et al.
1985
Italy
Study Design,
Population, and
Exposures
Cohort
Overall
Bus & trolley
drivers
Age 55-64
Cohort
All workers
Bus drivers
Bus conductors
Engineers, garages
Engineers, central
works
Motormen and
guards
Cohort
Case-control
Transportation
Taxi driving
Train conductors
Epidemiological Studies of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust and Lung Cancer Studies
Among Transport (i.e., bus) and Equipment Workers
Cases
or
deaths
96
30
667
259
130
177
42
59
102
45
20
7
Effect
Measure
SMR
Confidence
Interval a or
P-Value
1.4 N.S.
SMR
0.79
0.75
0.75
0.90
0.66
0.87
SMR
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
1.01 p = 0.94
OR
1.1
1.8
1.4
0.7-1.6
1.0-3.4
0.5-3.9
Comments
Cohort consisted of deaths, retirements and transfers
due to lung cancer in London transport employees
(bus and trolley workers, bus engineers), aged 45 to
64 years, in jobs with presumably different
exposures to exhaust fumes in 1950 to 1954. Only
cases arising during exposure employment
were considered. Rates were compared to lung
cancer mortality in other company employees.
Diesel buses had been gradually introduced since the
1930s. At the end of WWII only 15% of the buses
still used petrol. All had been replaced by 1950.
Consequently, the duration of exposure of some
workers to DE might have been short. No data on
smoking. See also Waller 1981.
Cohort consisted of lung cancer deaths and
retirements or transfers due to lung cancer in men,
aged 45 to 64, employed within five categories of
London Transport employees. Mortality was
compared to men in Greater London. The study
covered 25 years ending in 1974, thus including
some of the data described by Raffle (1957). No
data on smoking. Those who retired at age 65 or left
earlier were not followed up, thus limiting the extent
of case ascertainment.
Cohort consisted of 8,684 men employed as
maintenance workers in 71 bus garages in London for
at least one year from 1967 to 1975. Follow-up
through 1975. No data on smoking. Authors noted
short follow-up period (average of 6 years). Lung
cancer mortality was compared with the male
population of England and Wales. The all-cause
mortality was significantly lower than expected
based on London residence.
Study consisted of 340 confirmed cases in males
(and 817 controls) in Florence, diagnosed from 1981
through 1983 in the regional general
hospital and a referral center for lung cancer.
Controls were matched on sex, age, date of
admission and smoking, and were from the same
hospital. Diesel exhaust exposure was assessed by
questionnaire for all jobs held for more than one
year.
a 95% Confidence intervals unless noted. N.S.= Not significant. No confidence intervals or p-values
reported in original study. DE = Diesel Exhaust, OR = Odds Ratio, RR = Relative Risk, SIR =
Standardized Incidence Ratio, SMR = Standardized Mortality Ratio, NP = not presented.
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