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Using PPGIS to Involve Citizens in Urban Policy Planning 139
residents flexibly and make communication easier.
Figure 1
PPGIS website in Slaithwaite, England
(Source: http://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/slaithwaite/)
The second reason that PPGIS has been conceptually
recognized as a new participatory approach is its
friendly usability and visualized effects. These characteristics
reduce the constraints of communication ability
on residents by making the data/maps more readable
and understandable. These helps let residents easily
disclose experienced ‘soft’ data of their living environment
and merge the soft data with hard data. According
to Rambaldi et al. (2007), a user-friendly and visualized
PPGIS is a ‘catalyst in stimulating memory, articulating
tacit knowledge and creating visible and tangible representations
of the physical, biological and cultural
landscapes of the area’. 2 Compared with traditional
plain map, a visualized map, for example 3D, has
greater capacity to make low-educated residents understand
the context of the issues.
In short, the collaboration between residents and
officials could be improved (Kahila and Kytta, 2006)
by either providing more flexibility for public involvement
or reducing the constraints of communication
ability on residents. Kingston (2007) believes these are
the reasons that a PPGIS has potential to improve citizen-government
interaction from one-way relation to a
two-way type. Kingston (2002a) and Carver (2001)
revise the well-known “Participation Ladder” to an
“E-participation Ladder” and view PPGIS as a two-way
communication (see figure 2).
2 Please see the website of IAPAD http://www.iapad.
org/participatory_p3dm.htm, accessed on December
10, 2008.