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222 Taiwan Development Perspectives 2009 Taiwan is self-sufficient in rice. It has to import other grains. Its cereal yield totaled 1.22 million tons in 2007. Grain imports in the same year totaled 6.62 million tons. (See Table 3 for Taiwan’s grain imports.) Table 3 Major Items of Grain Import Year Corn Wheat Barley Sorghum Soybean 2000 4,941,785 1,157,932 139,869 38,054 2,301,750 2001 5,198,367 1,020,852 202,688 36,317 2,442,328 2002 5,055,173 1,153,435 182,683 45,528 2,534,075 2003 5,075,040 1,224,328 32,607 69,521 2,453,551 2004 4,860,146 1,091,295 140,859 51,870 2,025,481 2005 4,980,114 1,282,265 140,711 75,555 2,446,037 2006 5,077,878 985,993 124,478 57,929 2,386,000 2007 4,380,446 1,177,225 63,797 67,857 2,386,000 Source: Basic Agricultural Statistics 2007, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. Consumption of bread has risen in Taiwan. High crude oil prices made wheat imports more costly. The resultant higher bread prices forced people to switch to cheaper foods. A large number of bakeries had to close down in 2008. Prices of chemical fertilizers went up, too. Farmers protested, forcing the government-owned Taiwan Fertilizer Corporation to reduce its sales prices. Prices of other products necessary for farming also rose considerably. The market competitiveness of local farm products was greatly weakened. They could hardly compete against imported agricultural products. The government was forced to consider the rehabilitation of those 230,000 hectares of retired farmland to produce corns or soybeans as a way to partially substitute imports. The private sector wants to introduce fuel plants for farming. But for lack of enough of farmland, fuel plants cannot commercially farmed in Taiwan. IV. Impact on the Livestock Industry Per capita consumption of rice and sweet potatoes has been going down since 1970, though consumption of meat, vegetables, fruits and milk has increased. Annual per capita meat consumption increased from 26.43 kilograms in 1971 to 78.95 kilograms in 2006. Such strong demand boosted the development of the livestock industry. Altogether 9,418,921 hogs and 376,540,000 broilers and roasters were slaughtered to meet the demand in 2007. Taiwan imported 4,380,446 tons of corn, 1,117,225 tons of wheat, 2,386,000 tons of soybeans, 63,797 tons of barley and 67,587 tons of sorghum in 2007. They were imported mainly from the United States and Brazil. High ocean freight cost caused by high crude oil prices increased the cost of importing the cereals for animal feeds. The cost and freight prices of corns were tripled from NT$4.69 per kilogram in January 2002 to NT$11.33 in June 2008. The soybean meal C&F prices were doubled from NT$7.46 per kilogram in January 2002 to NT$14.95 in June 2008. The cost of production of pork and chicken increased as a result. Hog and poultry farming lost competitiveness. (See Table 4 for corn and soybean meal prices.)
Impact of High Oil Prices on Taiwan’s Agriculture and Fisheries 223 Table 4 Prices of Imported Corns and Soybean Meal from 2002 to June 2008 2007 2008 Item 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 May Oct Nov Dec Feb Apr June Corns 4.69 5.35 6.27 5.21 5.78 7.66 8.37 9.89 10.7 10.88 10.88 9.76 11.33 Soybean Meal 7.46 9.00 10.0 9.39 8.74 9.39 9.82 12.91 13.68 15.26 16.79 13.65 14.95 Source: National Animal Husbandry Foundation. The increasingly expensive grain imports triggered forced food prices to rise. According to the statistics released by the Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, prices rose 2.1 times for wheat, 1.6 times for soybeans, and 1.5 times for corns from January 2007 to February 2008. Inevitably, the cost of swine production increased. In the 1990s, when the oil price was stable and low, the cost of hog production was around NT$4,600-4,800 per head (100 kilograms). It gradually increased to NT$5,600-6,000. Pork prices rose, too. Since the beginning of 2008, the hog auction market prices went up to NT$7,500-7,700 per head (100 kilograms). The high pork prices boosted pork imports. (See Table 5 for pork imports.) Table 5 Taiwan’s Pork Imports 2001~2008 Year Item Average pig auction market prices(NT$) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Jun 3,982 4,341 5,312 5,911 5,323 4,917 5,146 6,536 Quantities of imported pork 16,46 37,72 64,14 78,13 54,21 46,00 37,87 21,56 (tons) 1 8 6 5 5 8 6 7 Source: National Animal Husbandry Foundation. The effort to diversify sources of cereal imports was thwarted. The swine industry contracted to import 200,000 tons of corn from India, but the Indian government banned corn exports to Taiwan in March 2008. Corn imports were contracted but postponed. The livestock industry and the authorities concerned want to secure the supply of cereals for animal feeds from China to cut the cost of delivery. Imports from China could reduce corn prices in Taiwan by 5 to 10 percent. V. Impact on Fishery Production. High oil prices hit fisheries hard around the world. In France, fishermen lolled in the port of Dunkirk. Japanese fishermen staged fleet protests in Tokyo Bay. Fishermen in Taiwan did not take to the streets but they seethed with discontent at the government that paid little heed to their woes. Ocean fishing – far sea, offshore and coastal fishing – is the mainstay of Taiwan’s fisheries. Low-price diesel oil is the fuel for ocean fishing vessels, which numbered 13,026 in 2007, more than half of all the registered 25,344 fishing craft. The rising diesel oil prices, coupled with the rise in other expenses, drove up the cost of ocean fishing twice as high as in the pre-
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CONTENTS Preface Overview ix xi Foc
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Agriculture and Fisheries Impact of
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CHUANG, Yih-chyi( 莊奕琦 ) Pro
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TAN, Ching-yu( 譚瑾瑜 ) Associ
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enth effort on the part of the Foun
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ills pertinent to parliamentary ref
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