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240 Taiwan Development Perspectives 2009 40 Figure 3. The Effect of Energy Tax on the Energy Demand by sector in 2018 Coal Nature Gas Oil Electricity 30 20 10 Unite:% 0 -10 -20 Agriculture Mining Coal, Oil and Gas Extraction -30 Quarring Manufacturing Food and Beverage Tobacco Textiles Clothes and Wearing Apparel Leather and Leather Products Lumber and Wood Furniture and Fixtures Paper and Printing Chemical and Plastic Rubber Products Petroleum and Coal Products Non-Metallic Mineral Basic Metal Metal Products Machinery and Equipment Elect. Mach. and Electronics Transport Equipment Miscellaneous Water. Elect. and Gas Electricity Supply Construction Transportation and Communication Services Total Sectorial Rate of Change -40 -50 Sectors Output Prices Output Growth Imposing an energy tax will of course have the greatest impact on the prices within the four energy sectors (see Table 2). The water, electricity and gas and transportation sectors will have the highest price increases among the seven one-digit sectors. Among manufacturing industries, basic metal and paper and printing sectors will suffer the greatest impact in terms of price increases. For the economy as a whole, the producer price index will increase by 1.185 by 2018. (See Table 2 and Figure 4). The four energy sectors will also suffer the great decline in output growth when the energy tax is imposed. This is due to the “substitution effect” and “income effect” both in terms of the final demand and the producer’s sector. The basic metal and non-metallic mineral sectors are the most affected parts of the manufacturing sector. The transportation and manufacturing sectors will exhibit the greatest decrease in output growth among the seven one-digit sectors. For the economy as a whole, GDP will decline by 1.12 percent if energy tax is imposed. (See Table 2 and Figure 5).
A Synthesis of Energy Tax, Carbon Tax and Emission Trading in Taiwan 241 Table 2 Effect of Energy Tax on Price and Output Growth by Sectors (without Tax Reduction) Unit: % Price Change Output Growth Sector 2018 Sector 2018 Agriculture 0.3073 Agriculture -0.2528 Mining 1.2354 Mining -0.4856 Coal Mining - Coal Mining - Oil and Gas Extraction 5.9414 Oil and Gas Extraction -0.7302 Manufacturing 2.9001 Manufacturing -3.0799 Food 0.3621 Food -0.1605 Beverage and Tobacco 0.2694 Beverage and Tobacco -0.182 Textiles 1.0279 Textiles -0.3962 Clothes and Wearing Apparel 0.6604 Clothes and Wearing Apparel -0.257 Leather and Leather Products 0.3820 Leather and Leather Products -0.3246 Lumber and Wood 0.5594 Lumber and Wood -0.3852 Furniture and Fixtures - Furniture and Fixtures - Paper and Printing 1.1247 Paper and Printing -0.3774 Chemical and Plastic 1.0377 Chemical and Plastic -0.363 Rubber Products 0.6269 Rubber Products -0.2938 Petroleum and Coal Products 25.4612 Petroleum and Coal Products -25.2503 Non-Metallic Mineral 1.0706 Non-Metallic Mineral -0.4249 Basic Metal 1.1571 Basic Metal -1.3943 Metal Products 0.7179 Metal Products -0.1782 Machinery and Equipment 0.6191 Machinery and Equipment -0.1693 Elect. Mach. and Electronics 0.3544 Elect. Mach. and Electronics -0.1779 Transport Equipment 0.4146 Transport Equipment -0.0404 Miscellaneous 0.6219 Miscellaneous -0.111 Water. Elect. and Gas 5.6860 Water. Elect. and Gas -1.6655 Electricity Supply 8.2523 Electricity Supply -6.8436 Construction 0.5415 Construction -0.1456 Transport and Communication 4.5117 Transport and Communication -5.7927 Services 0.2181 Services -0.0551 Whole Economy 1.0755 Whole Economy -0.3449 Producer Price Index 1.1851 Producer Price Index -1.1232
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CONTENTS Preface Overview ix xi Foc
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Agriculture and Fisheries Impact of
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CHUANG, Yih-chyi( 莊奕琦 ) Pro
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TAN, Ching-yu( 譚瑾瑜 ) Associ
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enth effort on the part of the Foun
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ills pertinent to parliamentary ref
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2 Taiwan Development Perspectives 2
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