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140 Taiwan Development Perspectives 2009 online decision making Increasing participation PPGIS online comments on application online service delivery online discussion forums communication barrier online surveys basic Web sites Two-way One-way Level of communication Figure 2 E-participation ladder Sources: Kingston (2002a) & Carver (2001) V. PPGIS Applications in Taiwan Four types of institutional location for PPGIS delivery are identified: nonprofit organizations, universities, government agencies, and private companies (Weiner et al., 2002). However, most of PPGIS applications are applied by academia in Taiwan. According to Huang and Lee (2006), only 6 percent of the local governments’ web-GIS provide two- or three-way communicative functions. Additionally, both the usability and visualization principles are lacking in attention on GIS websites in Taiwan’s official system. Here we are going to briefly introduce two selected applications of PPGIS in Taiwan. The first one was conducted by Lin et al. (2005) and used a case in aboriginal Atayal Smangus community. Although this is not an online web-based PPGIS, it successfully shows the advantage of the PPGIS concept. The main purpose of this study is to use ‘GIS technology to promote local participation and to integrate the traditional knowledge of the aboriginal communities in surveying traditional territories.’ Due to the asymmetric information and misunderstanding between planners and indigenous people, the latter used to be unwilling to talk with officials through traditional participatory methods. In this case, researchers used GIS technology to help those uneducated Atayal to draw a mental map about their traditional territories. During this process, they successfully empowered tribesmen to engage in policy planning since these mental maps became an important reference for delineating a national reservation. Figure 3 is a mental drawing of traditional territories. Researchers collected the ‘soft’ geographic knowledge and merged them with modern hard geographic data. They believe this combination could produce a new way to connect official and local aspects. Figure 3 A mental map of the indigenous people in the Atayal Smangus community Source: Lin (2005)
Using PPGIS to Involve Citizens in Urban Policy Planning 141 Another PPGIS application in Taiwan is a case about the Keelung River pothole conservation. This is a project conducted by Nangang Community College (NCC). It used web 2.0, citizen journalists, and a Google map to collect opinions of residents about the delineation of a pothole conservation area along the river. This project used two steps to involve people in the process of policy making. First, they held a workshop and led participants to offer a primary conservation map proposal through using the visualized GIS and Google map. Then, they held a public discussion meeting to gather opinions about their primary map. Based on these two steps and GIS technology, people could easily understand the scope of conservation and put the comments on the website. Figure 4 The Google map website of Keelung River pothole conservation VI. Conclusions Geographical Information Systems have been increasingly utilized in the areas of urban planning, policy analysis, and policy evaluation from the 1960s onwards. In these areas, GIS’s have already had proven effectiveness. However, due to recent democratic development, demands for public participation have increased the academic and practical expectations of GIS’s. Researchers began to consider the potential of PPGIS to increase public participation in public services in the early 1990s. Since this is still a new concept, only a few researchers have paid attention to this issue. It is especially difficult to find PPGIS literature in Taiwan. In this paper, we introduced the concept as well as essences of PPGIS. We also briefly described two PPGIS applications in Taiwan. We hope this paper will attract more attention to PPGIS potential and utilize it to tackle related issues. References Aangeenbrug, R. T. 1992. A Critique of GIS. In Geographic Information Systems,Volume.1, edited by David J. Maguire, Michael F. Goodchild and David W. Rhind. 101-107. New York: Longman. AI-Kodmany, Kheir. 2002. E-Community Participation: Communicating Spatial Planning and Design using Web-Based Maps. In Socio-Economic Applications of Geographic Information Science, edited by David Kidner, Gary Higgs, and Sean White, 69-92. London: Taylor & Francis.
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CONTENTS Preface Overview ix xi Foc
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Agriculture and Fisheries Impact of
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CHUANG, Yih-chyi( 莊奕琦 ) Pro
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TAN, Ching-yu( 譚瑾瑜 ) Associ
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enth effort on the part of the Foun
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ills pertinent to parliamentary ref
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