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234 Taiwan Development Perspectives 2009 (2) Clothing: Expenditures on clothing, apparel. each sector. The GDP, wage, interest rate and private (3) Housing: Expenditures on rent and non-energy utilities, furniture, furnishing and household equipment, household operations and services. consumption are functions of the CPI or the WPI in this macroeconomic model. Thus, there are feedback relationships between the DGBAS macroeconomic model and the producer’s model if sectoral output prices (4) Energy: Expenditures on fuel and electricity including fuel for vehicles. change due to the implementation of an energy tax. The total supply is composed of the intermediate (5) Recreation: Transportation and Miscellaneous: Expenditures on recreation, amusement and education, demands of industries and the final demands of private consumption (C), investment (I), government expenditures (G), and net exports (X) minus imports (M). medical and health care, transportation and miscellaneous consumption expenditures. Markets are cleared by the prices of domestically produced Hence the vector of expenditure share (S) in fact commodities for each sector (P i ). 6 consists of the five types of expenditure shared referred Pi Qi = ∑ Pi Aij + Pi ( Ci + I i + Gi ) + Pi X − Pi M , i to above. The following demographic characteristics j are employed as attributes of households: i, j=1, …, 29 (5) 1.Family size: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more. 2.4 ITRI MARKAL Engineering Energy 2.Occupation: Non-farmer and farmer. Model 7 3.Number of persons employed: 1, 2, 3 or more. By employing the linear programming method, the ITRI MARKAL engineering model combines the information relating to the growth of industries, energy For a detailed description of the model, please refer to Liang (1983). 4 The consumer’s model is linked supply and energy technologies to achieve the best energy mix. This model is developed by the Institute for to the producer’s model through output prices by sector; while it is linked to the DGBAS’s macroeconomic Energy and Resources of the Industrial Technology model via total private consumption. Research Institute (ITRI). 2.3 DGBAS Macroeconomic Model 5 The macroeconomic model of the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS) is a Keynesian model which consists of 159 equations. We retrieve the following projection data from the macroeconomic model as initial values in the baseline projection: 1) GDP growth rate, 2) wage, 3) interest rate, 4) private consumption, 5) CPI, 6) WPI, 7) investment, 8) government expenditure, and 9) exports. Both the CPI and WPI are affected by output prices in Because information regarding future energy technology development is given careful consideration in the model, we use the aggregate of the energy demand by types projected by the ITRI MARKAL engineering model to control for the total energy demand projected by the producer’s and consumer’s models. 3. Simulation Methodology and Procedure The simulation framework of the model is presented in Figure 2. 4 It is noted that although the Liang (1987) model is more up-to-date, in that model the monotonicity constraint is not imposed, so that it might lead to the indirect utility function not being well-behaved. Therefore, we use the Liang (1983) model here instead. 5 Please refer to Ho-Lin-Wang (2001). 6 Please refer to Ho (2000). 7 Please refer to Yang (1996).
A Synthesis of Energy Tax, Carbon Tax and Emission Trading in Taiwan 235 Aggregate Sub-model (Price, Share Equation) Capital Labor Energy Intermediate Inputs Technical Change Energy Sub-model (Price, Shares) Intermediate Sub-model (Price, Share) Coal Oil Natural Gas Electricity Agricultural Intermediate Input Industrial Intermediate Input Transport Intermediate Input Services Intermediate Input Coal Diesel Oil Sub-model (Price, Shares) Fuel Oil Others Figure 1 Tier Structure of the Producer’s Sub-model in the DGEMT Model Figure 1 Tier Structure of the Producer’s Sub-model in the DGEMT Model Imported Intermediate Input
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CONTENTS Preface Overview ix xi Foc
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Agriculture and Fisheries Impact of
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CHUANG, Yih-chyi( 莊奕琦 ) Pro
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TAN, Ching-yu( 譚瑾瑜 ) Associ
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enth effort on the part of the Foun
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ills pertinent to parliamentary ref
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