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178 Taiwan Development Perspectives 2009 enormous budget fund to build such a fleet and acquires overseas bases to support its operation. One option is open to China. The PLAN may build a superior asymmetrical force, such as a nuclear attack submarine fleet, to do part of the job so as to protect China’s greatest national interests with the help of other sea powers who wish to uphold the freedom of navigation principle of the United Nations. But the question remains: What if the intent is not purely to defend the sea lanes? 24 Aircraft Carriers and Blue-Water Navy 1. Extension of Force to the Second Island Chain In November 2008, a surface action group of the North Sea Fleet of the PLAN entered the Sea of Japan, crossed the Tsugaru Strait, and sailed into the North Pacific Ocean to conduct an anti-submarine and surface interception exercise. The group consisted of four ships, including a 051C class missile destroyer. Soon after the exercise, another task group from the East Sea Fleet led by a Soveremnny class missile destroyer followed the same route to hold a fleet exercise in the North Pacific. The exercises marked the second and the third times the PLAN warships passed through the Tsugaru Strait. The first passage took place when a survey ship crossed the strait for data collection. The passages of the warships aroused the concern of Japan and the United States. They are concerned that the exercises took place beyond China’s first island chain and the PLAN is reaching out to the second island chain. If so, China may be planning to develop a blue-water navy. 2. Evolution of the PLAN into a Blue-Water Navy China’s most critical geopolitical weakness lies in its lack of enough sea power to protect the sea lanes for its crude oil supply and foreign trade. 25 It needs a navy to safeguard the sea lanes as the economic globalization continues. The PLAN cannot cope with the navies of the United States, Japan and India that may choke China’s vital sea lanes from the East China Sea to the Middle East through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, if they so choose. The PLAN needs long-range operation capabilities. In fact, Admirals Xiao Jinguang and Liu Huaqing have long complained: “We can do nothing, if we have only small and medium-sized short-range ships and share-based air force in the face of an enemy who has long-range combat capabilities and can deploy ballistic missile submarines and a carrier-based air force.” 26 But China has continued to adhere to the policy of not acquiring a blue-water navy, which can operate in any ocean of the world. 27 3. Construction of Aircraft Carriers 25 The US intelligence agency related activity analyzes China to make the aircraft carrier motive peripheral situation to compel, http://www.chinareviewnews. com , Dec. 28, 2007 26 The concept of Chinese aircraft carrier of two generation Command in Chief of PLAN ADM. Xiao Jin-guang and ADM. Liu Huaqing in. WorldForum.com Nov.19, 2008 27 Chinese Maritime Strategy, Chapter 7, The PLA 24 Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet Adm. Gary Roughhead: Why Does China Need That Navy? By Richard Halloran, THE WASHINGTON TIMES, August 26, 2005 Navy and “Active Defense” Bernard D. Cole, The PLA and China in transition, Stephen J. Flanagan and Michael E. Marti. National Security Studies, NDU, 2003
PLAN Looks beyond Taiwan 179 Admiral Liu Huaqing said long ago: “Active defense, of course, includes an attack in a strategic retreat. Without aircraft carriers, we can’t conduct long range operations.” China today is a country totally different from Germany or Japan in the early twentieth century. Germany and Japan sought hegemony then. China is also unlike the Soviet Union during the Cold War. China never seeks. Nor has it committed aggression on other countries. China does not want to actively seek a blue-water navy to challenge the United States. But as it becomes increasingly dependent on oil imports for sustained economic growth, China needs to have an aircraft carrier combat group to keep a regional balance of power and maintain its image as a big power or just to carry out peace-keeping missions. 28 China wants to build its own aircraft carriers. 29 The PLAN seems to have embarked on preparatory work. It is reported that the People’s Republic has ordered 14 Russian SU-33 carrier-based aircraft, purchased four sets of aircraft carrier launch and landing gear from Ukraine, and set up an office in charge of planning aircraft carrier construction and training personnel required. 30 China plans to build a 48,000-ton 28 U.S. military observers believe China changed its opinion about the construction of aircraft carriers at the end of 2004 after the disastrous Indian Ocean tsunami. China saw the value of aircraft carriers in diplomatic and humanitarian assistance. http://www .chinareviewnews.com, Nov.14, 2007 29 Colonel Zhu Shaopeng , research fellow of the Campaign and Tactics Department, Academy of Military Sciences, PLA., accepted an online interview in which he remarked the sea power of China should have aircraft carriers at its core.” DWNEWS.COM, July 26, 2007 30 The General Armament Department has set up the 048 Program Office in charge of the planning. Kenwa Chinese Defense Review reported that the conventional aircraft carrier by 2010. A 93,000-ton nuclear-powered aircraft carrier will be built by 2050. 31 Beijing professed aircraft carriers are being built not for hostilities across the Taiwan Strait but to meet China’s long-term strategic needs. 32 Nevertheless, the carrier construction plan has arouses concern among East Asian countries. South Korean media regard Chinese aircraft carriers as “a threat to our national survival.” Military Force or Soft Power The PLAN has deployed its first amphibious transport dock ship Kunlun Shan in the South Sea Fleet. It is a 071 LPD that can accommodate four large amphibious hovercraft and some helicopters plus at least 500 troops for a very fast amphibious assault operation. The 072 LPD is the most modern amphibious assault vessel of the PLAN, suitable particularly for operations to settle disputes in the South China Sea. Another large amphibious assault ship similar to an LHD(landing helicopter dock)has been built. It is known as 081 LPD. It has a flight deck for helicopters taking off and landing at the same time, a large hangar, and a well dock to accommodate amphibious landing craft. 33 There are no signs that 071 and/or 081 amphibious assault ships are being mass-produced. A couple of them cannot form a large expeditionary group. Their commission cannot be considered a projection of force far overseas. PLAN will soon start training aircraft carrier personnel. World Forum.com. Nov.17, 2008 31 Korean Central Daily News, Nov. 19, 2008 32 PLA prepared to build aircraft carrier, UDN, Nov. 21, 2008 33 “China is developing a dock landing ship with fullthrough-style deck.” W.Forum.com, Nov. 20, 2008
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CONTENTS Preface Overview ix xi Foc
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Agriculture and Fisheries Impact of
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CHUANG, Yih-chyi( 莊奕琦 ) Pro
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TAN, Ching-yu( 譚瑾瑜 ) Associ
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enth effort on the part of the Foun
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ills pertinent to parliamentary ref
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