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262 Taiwan Development Perspectives 2009 Despite all this effort, about 60 percent of students fail to develop a habit of exercise, which helps make people physically fit (Ministry of Education, Republic of China, 2007b). Japan and the United States have proved PE is effective in making students physically fit. In Taiwan, however, the PE classes have been reduced. When a nine-year integrated secondary education system was enforced, health classes were introduced, partially crowding out PE classes (Kang Jui-chung, 2003). Taiwan’s elementary and senior high and vocational schools hold fewer PE classes and award fewer PE credits than their counterparts in Japan and the United States. (See Tables 10 and 11.) Besides, only 28.8 percent of the PE classes offered in elementary schools are taught by PE teachers and the rest are tutored by homeroom teachers (Department of Physical Education, Ministry of Education, Republic of China, 2008). Less than one third of students join school sports clubs in Taiwan, lower than in Japan and the United States (Ministry of Education, Republic of China, 2007a). (See Table 12.) Adjustments must be made in PE classes, the quality of PE teachers improved, and students encouraged to participate in outdoor activities to make schoolchildren and adolescents physically fit. Table 10 PE Curriculum Hours in Various Countries Unit: Minute/Week Countries Taiwan Japan China South Korea France Germany US Elementary schools Secondary schools 80 90-135 150-250 180 200 180 90 100 150 120-180 250 120-240 Daily 15 + Note: Schools in the United States have to offer a PE class lasting 15 minutes or more every day. An elementary school usually allocates 60-120 minutes for PE a week. Secondary schools allocate 120 minutes. Source: Department of Physical Education, Ministry of Education, Republic of China (2006); Japan MEXT (2005). Table11 PE Credits (Senior High) Awarded in Various Countries Country Taiwan Japan US UK Required 12 14-16 plus 4 credits of health care Source: Department of Physical Education, Ministry of Education, Republic of China (2006). 30 10% of total credits, equivalent to those of English and mathematics
An Analysis of Development Trends in Physical Fitness for Taiwan’s Children and Adolescents 263 Table 12 Rates of Secondary School Student Participation in Sports Clubs (%) Country Taiwan Japan US Educational System Junior high school 17.6 70.8 54.8 Senior high school 33.4 37.4 Source: Department of Physical Education, Ministry of Education, Republic of China (2006); Japan MEXT (2005); National Federation of State High School Associations(2008)。 IV. Conclusion Taiwan’s children and adolescents lag behind their counterparts in neighboring countries and regions in physical fitness because physical education has not been sufficiently enforced in schools. It is recommended that the Ministry of Education require schools to increase PE classes and award more PE credits. Efforts should be redoubled to improve the quality of PE teachers and instructors. Achievements in the development of physical fitness should be taken into consideration in the evaluation of school management. Physical fitness should also be made a part of the score students need for admission to senior high schools or colleges and universities. Taiwan’s schoolchildren and adolescents are not doing well in the tests on cardiovascular endurance and muscle strength in lower limbs. Physical exercise that helps increase their cardiovascular endurance and lower limb strength has to be included in the school PE curriculum. Moreover, a national physical fitness test data bank must be established as soon as practicable. References California Department of Education (2007). 2007 California Physical Fitness Test. Retrieved Dec 17, 2008 from California Department of Education Web Site: http://www.ced.ca.gov/ta/ta/pf/ Chao Li-yun (2005). A descriptive study of learning behavior: Motor engagement time in fitness classes in Taiwan. Taipei: National Policy Foundation. Department of Health of the Executive Yuan (2008). A press release: The obese student suffers from the 2nd diabetes' opportunity is common student's 18 times, Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/BHPnet/Portal/PressShow.a spx?No=200811130001 Education Bureau, Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (2007). Physical Education - Surveys on 'Physical Fitness Status of Hong Kong School Pupils' . Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://www.edb.gov.hk/index.aspx?langno=2&nodeID= 3079 Ho Ling, Jen Hung (2007). Study on Health Condition for City Children and Adolescents. China Youth Research, 11, 4-10. International Association for Study of Obesity (2008)。 Childhood Overweight (including obesity). Retrieved Nov 26, 2008 from Association for Study of Obesity Web Site: http://www.iotf.org/database/documents/ChildhoodOve rweightOctober08pdf.pdf Japan Sports Association (2005). Japan Sports Association Enterprise of Fostering and Promotion of comprehensive Sport Clubs. Retrieved December 19, 2008, from http://www.japan-sports.or.jp/local/club/ search.html Japan Sports Association (2007). Guidebook : Junior Sports Clubs. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from http://www.japan-sports.or.jp/club/pdf/guidebook.pdf
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CONTENTS Preface Overview ix xi Foc
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Agriculture and Fisheries Impact of
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CHUANG, Yih-chyi( 莊奕琦 ) Pro
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TAN, Ching-yu( 譚瑾瑜 ) Associ
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enth effort on the part of the Foun
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ills pertinent to parliamentary ref
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