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274 Taiwan Development Perspectives 2009 Background Taiwan is aging fast. Those aged 65 and above accounted for more than 10.2 percent of its population in 2006. They will make up 22 percent of the population by 2016. One important reason is a decline in marriage. Fewer and fewer young people are willing to get married. Altogether 77.3 percent of the women aged 25-29 were married in 1983, against a mere 47 percent in 2001. Fewer marriages mean fewer children. More serious, the married couples prefer not to have children. So, the fall in fertility is the main reason for the rapid aging of the population. The fertility rate was only 1,115 per 1,000 women in their lifetime in 2006, a sharp decline from the 1,680 in the year 2000. It is far less than two per woman to keep the population from declining. Still another reason is the advancement in healthcare. People live longer. The aged people often need long-term care. Need for Long Term Care Most countries use ADLs (Activities of Daily Life) to evaluate the need for long-term care. If one cannot perform one or two ADLs, it is “light disability.” Failure to perform three or four ADLs is “medium disability,” while “severe disability” describes an inability to perform five ADLs or more. The kind and amount of necessary care – such as home care, community care or institution care – are determined by the level of ability and the family setting of those who need it. There were 330,000 people in Taiwan who needed long-term care in 2006. They represented 1.45 percent of the population. The number of such people will rise to 378,000 (1.64% of the population) in 2011 and 448,000 (1.93%) in 2016.. for long-term care. Among them are the Elderly Welfare Act, the Law for Protection of the Physically and Mentally Disadvantaged People, and the National Health Insurance Law. Competent government agencies include the Ministry of the Interior, Veterans Administration, and National Department of Health. This diversified competency results in omission or duplication of coverage as well as in inefficiency. What Taiwan has to do as its population is aging fast is to integrate all long-term care programs to make sure that all those who need such care are provided for. There are two ways to achieve long-term care for all. Such care services can be financed either through taxation or by social long-term care insurance. The Executive Yuan has decided to adopt social insurance for long term care. The decision is apt. For one thing, people of Taiwan are familiar with social insurance for they are already covered by labor insurance and national health insurance. People know they have to pay premiums. For another, their tax burden is not heavy. The total tax in proportion to GDP is only 14 percent in Taiwan, much lower than 24 percent in South Korea, 23.1 percent in Japan, 26.4 percent in the United States, 30 percent in Germany, 35.1 percent in France, 39 percent in the United Kingdom, and 51.1 percent in Sweden. Compared with OECD nations, Taiwan lacks resources to finance social welfare and it is best to finance long-term care for all by insurance. Prospective Premier Liu Chao-shiuan has a task force formed under the Council for Economic Planning and Development to prepare a long-term care insurance program which will be launched by 2010 or 2011. Long-Term Care Insurance Taiwan has adopted a series of acts that provide
Protection of Dispatched Workers’ Right to Organize or Participate in Labor Unions 275 Protection of Dispatched Workers’ Right to Organize or Participate in Labor Unions ∗ CHENG, Chih-yu Abstract Due to the influence of market forces and the strategies of labor flexibility, development of "dispatched work" has become an inevitable trend. Based on the research findings, "dispatched work" would cause effects on industrial relations, both individually and collectively. In order to cope with the development of dispatched work, many countries have made directed much effort to the study of effects of dispatched work and to the formation of related labor policies. Even though the development of dispatched work in Taiwan is still at its initial stage, the study on effects of "dispatched work" and its relevant policies shall not be neglected. The interactive relationship between labor unions and “dispatched workers” in Taiwan is chosen as the main topic of discussion for this discourse. Through an empirical survey on both dispatched workers and labor unions, it intends to find what obstacles the dispatched workers have come across to their exercise of the right to organize or participate in labor unions. This essay explores the intention of dispatched workers to organize or participate in labor unions and the intention of labor unions to accept them as members. Suggestions are offered for how to protect the right of dispatched workers to organize or participate in labor unions. Keywords: Dispatched Work, Dispatched Workers, Industrial Relations, Labor Policies, Labor Union. * This essay is part of a research project funded by the National Science Council, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (Project No. NSC 92-2414-H-004-014)
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CONTENTS Preface Overview ix xi Foc
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Agriculture and Fisheries Impact of
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CHUANG, Yih-chyi( 莊奕琦 ) Pro
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TAN, Ching-yu( 譚瑾瑜 ) Associ
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enth effort on the part of the Foun
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ills pertinent to parliamentary ref
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