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As a result, “in-group bias and ethnocentrism [are] universal.” 6“For millions of years,human beings have been part of one tribe or another.” 7“While there are some rareindividuals who treat strangers like family, there are no human societies in which this isthe norm….” 8II.Our Tribe May Be Our Family or Race, But Maybe NotFor most of us, our first tribe was the one we are born into, our birth family. Of course,membership in that tribe also makes us part of our parents’ families and extendedfamilies, and part of the clans, ethnic groups, religious traditions, and other tribes towhich they belong. A few of us may be separated from our birth families immediately,but even those folks usually find themselves in foster families or orphanages, or on thestreet, where they become part of tribes, too.In fact, wherever we go and whatever we do, we are constantly aligning with tribes,whether or not we use that label. When we gather with our siblings and cousins; or eatand drink with our friends, neighborhood, clique, circle, peers, fraternity, or sorority; orcheer for our favorite teams or our alma mater; or defend our political caucus or party;or rehearse with our band, choir, or team; or contribute to a charity, church, or club; orexpound on our tastes in wine, music, food, art, movies or books; or flaunt the brands ofour beer, cars, clothes, purses, or smartphones, we are identifying ourselves as6 Joshua Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them 49 (2013).7 Seth Godin, Tribes: We Need You to Lead Us 1 (2008).8 Greene, supra note 6 at 48.4