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about a sex offender Dutton interviewed in prison about gang rape. The rapistcompared his gang crime to buying a round of drinks, saying it provided a sense “ofgroup camaraderie.” 29Of course, rape isn’t the only example of violence perpetrated by groups. The Naziassault on Jews known as Kristallnacht, the “Night of Broken Glass,” may seem likeancient history to some, but ethnic cleansing, terrorist attacks, stonings, lynch mobs,race riots, and torture are current world events, all fueled by tribalism. Tribalmembership actually dictates what people regard as torture. When told that membersof our own tribe have carried out torture, our first response is often to deny it occurred,usually by changing our own criteria for defining torture. 30When acting in groups, people regularly subject members of other groups to horrorsthey would never inflict when acting alone. What is it about being part of a gang thatmakes people feel they have a license to cause harm to members of other tribes? Theanswer is drugs. Not meth or pot or other street drugs, but the two hormones oftribalism, oxytocin and vasopressin.The two hormones are structurally similar, so they can influence each other’s receptors,but they often act in opposite directions. “Oxytocin tends to reduce behavioral andautonomic reactivity to stressful experiences, whereas vasopressin is associated witharousal and vigilance.” 31So vasopressin may be the culprit in Schadenfreude (the29 Dutton, supra note 5 at 95.30 What Is Torture? Our Beliefs Depend In Part On Who's Doing It, interview of Shankar Vedantam bySteve Inskeep on NPR, 12/11/2014, accessible at http://www.npr.org/2014/12/11/370022493/what-istorture-our-beliefs-depend-in-part-on-whos-doing-it(last accessed 1/6/2015).31 Carter, et al., supra note 10 at 176-77.11