Reproduction in Domestic Animals

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94 B BerglundVan Raden (2007) calculated measures of relationshipand inbreeding by use of genomic measures and demonstratedgains in reliability as compared to using traditionalmethods, and comparatively more for lowheritability traits than high heritability traits. A disadvantageis that the information may only be used forsome generations, maybe 7–8 generations, because theestimated effects of SNP haplotypes will change overtime. Furthermore, without progeny testing in eachgeneration the risk for late detection of undesired sideeffectsof selection might increase.Along with increasing knowledge at the genomic level,effort is put on how to integrate these data in the geneticevaluation systems. Gengler and Verkenne (2007) statedthat it will be a challenge to integrate molecular andphenotypic data and that SNPs and genomic selectionwill not change this situation.Genomic selection based on 3000 SNP markers toselect young bulls was introduced in the Netherlands inOctober 2006 (Van der Beek 2007). Denmark andNorway have also recently introduced SNP informationin their genetic selection programmes (MS Lund andS Lien, personal communication). Large scale projectsare ongoing in several livestock species to identify andvalidate several thousands of SNPs in haplotype blocksin the genome. SNP chips with 60 000 SNPs will soonbe available.Concluding RemarksThe genetic trend for functional traits in the Red(Ayrshire) breeds shows that it is possible to maintaina good dairy cow fertility and calving performancealong with selection for increased levels of milk production,if the traits are properly considered. It ispossible to make improvements in breeding, as well as innutrition and management to keep a good reproductiveability of the cow and a good health and well-being insustainable breeding programmes. Along with increasingknowledge at a molecular level, large changes maybe expected in genetic evaluation programmes.AcknowledgementsI would like to acknowledge Professor Erling Strandberg at theDepartment of Animal Breeding and Genetics, SLU, for valuablecomments on the manuscript. Associate Professor Hossein Jorjani atthe Interbull office (Jorjani 2007, communication), SLU, for kindlyproviding Interbull genetic trends and Associate Professor BengtLindhé at Svensk Avel (Lindhé 2007, communication) for kindlyproviding national genetic trends.ReferencesAdamec V, Cassell BG, Smith EP, Pearson RE, 2005: Effectsof inbreeding in the dam on dystocia and stillbirths in USHolsteins. J Dairy Sci 89, 307–314.Agerholm JS, 2007: Complex vertebral malformation inHolstein cattle: the story so far. Perinatal death in domesticanimals. Proc 20th NKVet Symp, Reykjavik, Iceland, p. 88.Agerholm JS, Bendixen C, Andersen O, Arnbjerg J, 2001:Complex vertebral malformation in Holstein calves. J VetDiagn Invest 13, 283–289.Beerda B, Veerkamp RF, 2006: Functional genomics of femalereproduction. 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied toLivestock Production, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Proc Commun11–10 (http://www.wcgalp8.org.br).Beerda B, Veerkamp RF, 2007: Expression profiles of genesregulating dairy cow fertility: recent findings, ongoingactivities and future possibilities. Proc Fertility in DairyCows – bridging the gaps, 30–31 August 2007, LiverpoolHope University, Liverpool, UK, p. 33.Berglund B, Philipsson J, 1992: Increasing stillbirth rates in theSwedish Friesian population. Paper in 43rd Annual Meetingof the European Association on Animal Production,Madrid, 14–17 September 1992.Berglund B, Steinbock L, Elvander M, 2003: Causes ofstillbirth and time of death in Swedish Holstein calvespost-mortem examined. Acta Vet Scand 44, 111–120.Berglund B, Persson A, Stålhammar H, 2004: Effects ofcomplex vertebral malformation on fertility in SwedishHolstein cattle. Acta Vet Scand 45, 161–165.Berry D, Roche J, Coffey M, 2007: Body condition score andfertility – more than just a feeling. Proc Fertility in DairyCows – bridging the gaps, 30–31 August 2007, LiverpoolHope University, Liverpool, UK, p. 28.Bicalho RC, Galvao KN, Cheong SH, Gilbert RO, WarnikLD, Guard CL, 2007: Effect of stillbirths on dam survivaland reproduction performance in Holstein dairy cows.J Dairy Sci 90, 2797–2803.Chagas LM, Bass JJ, Blache D, Burke CR, Kay JK, LindsayDR, Lucy MC, Martin GB, Meier S, Rhodes FM, RocheJR, Thatcher WW, Webb R, 2007: Invited review: Newperspectives on the roles of nutrition and metabolic prioritiesin the subfertility of high-producing dairy cows. J DairySci 90, 4022–4032.Chang YM, Andersen-Ranberg IM, Heringstad B, Gianola D,Klemetsdal G, 2006: Bivariate analysis of number of servicesto conception and days open in Norwegian Red using acensored threshold-linear model. J Dairy Sci 89, 772–778.Cole JB, Wiggans GR, VanRaden PM, Miller RH, 2007:Stillbirth (co)variance components for a sire-maternalgrandsire threshold model and development of a calvingability index for sire selection. J Dairy Sci 90, 2489–2496.De Jong G, 2005: Usage of predictors for fertility in the geneticevaluation application in the Netherlands. Interbull Bull 33,69–73.Dobson H, Walker S, Morris M, Routly J, Smith R, 2007:Why is it getting more difficult to successfully artificiallyinseminate cows? Proc Fertility in Dairy Cows – Bridgingthe Gaps, 30–31 August 2007, Liverpool Hope University,Liverpool, UK, p. 4.Friggens N, Løvendahl P, 2007: Where did she come from?Where is she going? The potential of on-farm fertility profiles.Proc. Fertility in Dairy Cows – Bridging the Gaps, 30–31August 2007, LiverpoolHope University, Liverpool,UK, p.23.Gengler N, Verkenne C, 2007: Bayesian approach to integratemolecular data into genetic evaluations. Interbull Bull 37,37–41.Hansen M, Lund MS, Pedersen J, Christensen LG, 2004:Genetic parameters for stillbirth in Danish Holstein cowsusing a Bayesian threshold model. Livest Prod Sci 91, 23–33.Hayhurst C, Firth M, Christie MF, Royal MD, 2007a:Estimation of genetic variation in embryo quality: Is therepotential to genetically select cattle with the inherent abilityto produce high quality embryos? Proc Fertility in DairyCows – Bridging the Gaps, 30–31 August 2007, LiverpoolHope University, Liverpool, UK, p. 13.Hayhurst C, Flint APF, Lovendahl P, Wolliams JA, RoyalMD, 2007b: Prepubertal predictors for fertility in dairycattle: potential use of metabolic hormones. Proc BSASAnnual Conference 2007: Southport, UK, 58.Hayhurst C, Sorensen MK, Royal MD, Løvendahl P, 2007c:Metabolic regulation in Danish bull calves and the relation-Ó 2008 The Author. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Reproductive Performance 95ship to the fertility of their female offspring. J Dairy Sci 90,3909–3916.Heins BJ, Hansen LB, Seykora AJ, 2006a: Fertility andsurvival of pure Holsteins versus crossbreds of Holstein withNormande, Montbeliarde, and Scandinavian Red. J DairySci 89, 4944–4951.Heins BJ, Hansen LB, Seykora AJ, 2006b: Calving difficultyand stillbirths of pure Holsteins versus crossbreds ofHolstein with Normande, Montbeliarde, and ScandinavianRed. J Dairy Sci 89, 2805–2810.Heringstad B, Chang YM, Svendsen M, Gianola D, 2007:Genetic analysis of calving difficulty and stillbirth inNorwegian Red cows. J Dairy Sci 90, 3500–3507.Hjerte´ n J, 2006: Relationships between body condition score,subcutaneous fat, live weight and reproduction in SwedishHolstein and Swedish Red and White Cattle. In Swedish.Summary in English. MSc Thesis 281, SLU, Department ofAnimal Breeding and Genetics, Uppsala, Sweden.Hoekstra J, van der Lugt AW, van der Werf JHJ, OuweltjesW, 1994: Genetic and phenotypic parameters for milkproduction and fertility traits in upgraded dairy cattle.Livest Prod Sci 40, 225–232.Holmberg M, Andersson-Eklund L, 2006: Quantitative traitloci affecting fertility and calving traits in Swedish dairycattle. J Dairy Sci 89, 3664–3671.Holmberg M, Sahana G, Andersson-Eklund L, 2007: Finemapping of a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 9affecting non-return rate in Swedish dairy cattle. J AnimBreed 124, 257–263.Jacobsen JH, Fikse F, 2005: Feasibility of MACE for calvingtraits for non-Holstein breeds. Interbull Bull 33, 28–31.Janson L, 1980: Studies on fertility traits in Swedish dairycattle. II. Genetic parameters. Acta Agr Scand 30, 427–436.Janson L, Andre´ asson B, 1981: Studies on fertility traits inSwedish dairy cattle. IV. Genetic and phenotypic correlationbetween milk yield and fertility. Acta Agr Scand 31, 313–322.Jorjani J, 2007: International genetic evaluation of femalefertility traits in five major breeds. Interbull Bull 37, 144–147.Lindhe´ B, Philipsson J, 2001: Genetic trends in the twoSwedish dairy cattle breeds SRB and SLB in 1985–1999.SLU, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Publ.138, Uppsala, Sweden.Lo´ pez de Maturana E, Legarra A, Varona L, Ugarte E, 2007:Analysis of fertility and dystocia in Holsteins using recursivemodels to handle censored and categorical data. J Dairy Sci90, 2012–2024.Løvendahl P, Chagunda MGG, 2006: Assessment of fertility indairy cows based on electronic monitoring of their physicalactivity. 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied toLivestock Production, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Proc Commun18-04 (http://www.wcgalp8.org.br).Lucy MC, 2001: Reproductive loss in high-producing dairycattle: where will it end? J Dairy Sci 84, 1277–1293.Mark T, Jakobsen JH, Jorjani H, Fikse WF, Philipsson J,2005: International trends in recording and genetic evaluationof functional traits in dairy cattle. 56th Annual Meet ofthe European Association for Animal Production, Uppsala,Sweden, Abstract no. 536.McParland S, Kearney JF, Rath M, Berry DP, 2007:Inbreeding effects on milk production, calving performance,fertility and conformation in Irish Holstein-Friesians.J Dairy Sci 90, 4411–4419.Miglior F, Muir BL, Van Doormaal BJ, 2005: Selection indicesin Holstein cattle of various countries. J Dairy Sci 88, 1255–1263.Muir WM, 2007: Genomic selection: a break through forapplication of marker assisted selection to traits of lowheritability, promise and concerns. Paper at the 58th AnnualMeet of the European Association for Animal Production,Dublin, Ireland.Nielsen HM, Christensen LG, Ødega˚ rd J, 2006: A method todefine breeding goals for sustainable dairy cattle production.J Dairy Sci 89, 3615–3625.Petersson K-J, Berglund B, Strandberg E, Gustafsson H, FlintAPF, Wolliams JA, Royal MD, 2007: Genetic analysis ofpostpartum measures of luteal activity in dairy cows.J Dairy Sci 90, 427–434.Petersson K-J, Strandberg E, Gustafsson H, Royal MD,Berglund B, 2008: Detection of delayed cyclicity in dairycows based on progesterone content in monthly milksamples. Prev Vet Med (in press).Roxstro¨ m A, Strandberg E, Berglund B, Emanuelson U,Philipsson J, 2001a: Genetic and environmental correlationsamong female fertility traits and milk production in differentparities of Swedish Red and White dairy cattle. Acta AgricScand A Anim Sci 51, 7–14.Roxstro¨ m A, Strandberg E, Berglund B, Emanuelson U,Philipsson J, 2001b: Genetic and environmental correlationsamong female fertility traits and the ability to show oestrus,and milk production. Acta Agric Scand A Anim Sci 51, 192–199.Royal MD, Mann GE, Flint APF, 2000: Strategies forreversing the trend towards subfertility in dairy cattle. VetJ 160, 53–60.Royal MD, Flint APF, Wolliams JA, 2002: Genetic andphenotypic relationships among endocrine and traditionalfertility traits and production traits in Holstein-Friesiandairy cows. J Dairy Sci 85, 958–967.Sørensen AC, Lawlor T, Ruiz F, 2007: A survey on fertility inthe Holstein populations of the world. Proc Fertility inDairy Cows – Bridging the Gaps, 30–31 August 2007,Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK, p. 17.Steinbock L, Näsholm A, Berglund B, Johansson K, PhilipssonJ, 2003: Genetic effects on stillbirth and calving difficultyin Swedish Holsteins at first and second calving. J Dairy Sci86, 2228–2235.Steinbock L, Johansson K, Näsholm A, Berglund B, PhilipssonJ, 2006: Genetic effects on stillbirth and calving difficultyin Swedish Red dairy cattle at first and second calving. ActaAgric Scand A, 56, 65–72.Van der Beek S, 2007: Effect of genomic selection on nationaland international genetic evaluations. Interbull Bull 37, 115–118.Van der Lende T, Kaal LMTE, Roelofs RMG, Veerkamp RF,Schrooten C, Bovenhuis H, 2004: Infrequent milk progesteronemeasurements in daughters enable bull selection forcow fertility. J Dairy Sci 87, 3953–3957.VanRaden PM, 2007: Genomic measures of relationship andinbreeding. Interbull Bull 37, 33–36.VanRaden PM, Sanders AH, Tooker ME, Miller RH,Norman HD, Kuhn MT, Wiggans GR, 2004: Developmentof a national genetic evaluation for cow fertility. J Dairy Sci87, 2285–2292.Veerkamp RF, Oldenbroek JK, van der Lende T, 1998: The useof milk progesterone measurements for genetic improvementof fertility traits in dairy cattle. Interbull Bull 18, 62–67.Wall E, Brotherstone S, Wolliams JA, Banos G, Coffey MP,2003: Genetic evaluation of fertility using direct andcorrelated traits. J Dairy Sci 86, 4093–4102.Author’s address (for correspondence): B Berglund, Department ofAnimal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of AgriculturalSciences, Box 7023, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: britt.berglund@hgen.slu.seConflict of interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.Ó 2008 The Author. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
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