80 M Dehnhard, S Naidenko, A Frank, B Braun, F Go¨ ritz and K JewgenowBiological validationBiological validations are aimed to demonstrate thathormone metabolite measurements reflect the physiologicalevent <strong>in</strong> question. One possibility to validate anon-<strong>in</strong>vasive hormone assay is to compare and correlatefaecal metabolite levels with hormone levels <strong>in</strong> blood(Heistermann et al. 1993; Barrett et al. 2002; Capezzutoet al. 2008). Even if blood sampl<strong>in</strong>g contradicts the non<strong>in</strong>vasiveapproach, veter<strong>in</strong>ary check-ups and treatmentsshould be used to collect blood and fresh faecal samplessimultaneously.Appropriate techniques to physiologically validatenon-<strong>in</strong>vasive methods are pharmacological stimulationsor <strong>in</strong>hibitions of steroid hormone release. These methodstypically <strong>in</strong>volve the adm<strong>in</strong>istration of high doses ofreleas<strong>in</strong>g hormones such as GnRH to stimulate theproduction of gonadal sex steroids (Kretzschmar et al.2004) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone to stimulatethe adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids (Wasseret al. 2000).A biological validation can also be based on dataanalysis. The measured hormone pattern <strong>in</strong> the lynx(Fig. 1) should mirror the reproductive events of afemale. The predicted hormone pattern (derived fromother related felid species) should <strong>in</strong>clude an oestradiolpeak around mat<strong>in</strong>g, elevated progesterone levels dur<strong>in</strong>gpregnancy, followed by a decrease towards basal after4 weeks <strong>in</strong> pseudopregnant females and a more or lessimmediate decrease to basel<strong>in</strong>e prior to parturition <strong>in</strong>pregnant females.Our results, however, revealed differences from thesepredicted patterns: oestrogens did not reflect follicularactivity peak<strong>in</strong>g around ovulation (mat<strong>in</strong>g), but werestrongly correlated to the excretion of gestagens.Therefore, we assume that faecal oestradiol immunoreactivityreflect the activity of corpora lutea. Theprogesterone profiles of Eurasian lynxes were also not<strong>in</strong> accordance to typical felid hormone patterns. Wefound elevated progesterone (and oestradiol) metabolitelevels throughout pregnancy and thereafter. However,the composition of hormone metabolites after parturitionwas different from those dur<strong>in</strong>g pregnancy. Particularlythe relation between the progesterone metaboliteselut<strong>in</strong>g between fractions 7–9 and 13–14 differed markedlydur<strong>in</strong>g pregnancy and the postpartum (p.p.) period(Fig. 2b–d). Compar<strong>in</strong>g the oestrogen profiles from thedifferent reproductive phases (Fig. 3a–c) the relation ofconjugates vs the fractions <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the unpolarmetabolites rema<strong>in</strong>ed relatively constant whereas therelation between 17b-oestradiol and oestrone changeddramatically <strong>in</strong> the p.p. period <strong>in</strong> favour of oestrone(Fig. 3c).This might be contributed by different hormonesources dur<strong>in</strong>g and after pregnancy (CL, placenta, oradrenals). To confirm this, an additional validation forCL function had to be performed. In case of theEurasian lynx, we performed a transrectal ultrasound<strong>in</strong>vestigation by which we found corpora lutea. This is <strong>in</strong>agreement with the above mentioned high p.p. progesteronevalues, altogether support<strong>in</strong>g the hypothesis of ap.p. luteal activity. At present it is uncerta<strong>in</strong> whether theCL are the result from reta<strong>in</strong>ed CL of pregnancy orfrom a p.p. ovulation. In conclusion there is still noanalytical parameter available <strong>in</strong> faeces which can beused to monitor luteal activity <strong>in</strong> the lynx. Onealternative might be an extensive metabolite screen<strong>in</strong>gus<strong>in</strong>g LC-MS to detect suitable pregnancy markers <strong>in</strong>the lynx. Then, these specific markers can be measuredcomb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the selectivity of high pressure liquid chromatographywith mass spectrometric detection, <strong>in</strong> orderto be able to dist<strong>in</strong>guish between pregnancy andpseudopregnancy.Currently the only pregnancy-specific method is thetransabdom<strong>in</strong>al ultrasonographic or radiographic imag<strong>in</strong>gof the uterus (Davidson et al. 1986), but thistechnique usually requires handl<strong>in</strong>g and anesthesia ofthe female, potentially stress<strong>in</strong>g both the queen anddevelop<strong>in</strong>g offspr<strong>in</strong>g.A second option are proteohormones produced by theplacenta, like relax<strong>in</strong>. The cat placenta produces largequantities of relax<strong>in</strong>, beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g approximately 20 daysof gestation (Addiego et al. 1987). As with dogs, relax<strong>in</strong>has not been detected <strong>in</strong> the serum of cycl<strong>in</strong>g orpseudopregnant cats (Stewart and Stabenfeldt 1985).However, the development of a ur<strong>in</strong>e-based relax<strong>in</strong>pregnancy test would prove extremely useful for breed<strong>in</strong>gmanagement of wildlife species. A radioimmuneassay (RIA) for relax<strong>in</strong> was recently validated for domescat ur<strong>in</strong>e. Ur<strong>in</strong>ary relax<strong>in</strong> was first detected betweendays 14 and 21 of gestation, whereas the levels peaked at42–49 days, followed by a decl<strong>in</strong>e dur<strong>in</strong>g the last2 weeks prior to parturition (de Haas van Dorsser et al.2006). A similar ur<strong>in</strong>ary relax<strong>in</strong> profile was demonstrated<strong>in</strong> the leopard (de Haas van Dorsser et al. 2006).These results <strong>in</strong>dicate that measurement of ur<strong>in</strong>aryrelax<strong>in</strong> might turn out to be a reliable method forpregnancy determ<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> felids from as early as 3–4 weeks of gestation. First results analys<strong>in</strong>g ur<strong>in</strong>aryrelax<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Iberian lynx showed that relax<strong>in</strong> is anappropriate analyte to differentiate between pregnantand pseudopregnant females particularly dur<strong>in</strong>g thesecond half of pregnancy (BC Braun et al., unpublisheddata). Ur<strong>in</strong>ary relax<strong>in</strong>-based pregnancy diagnosis mayprove useful <strong>in</strong> the breed<strong>in</strong>g management of other felidspecies, and provides a foundation for future studies onpregnancy <strong>in</strong> captive exotic felids.Perhaps one of the greatest uses of steroid metabolitemonitor<strong>in</strong>g will be <strong>in</strong> assist<strong>in</strong>g reproductive managementby identification of ovarian cycle, oestrous, andpregnancy of females. Early pregnancy diagnosis, however,is complicated by the phenomenon of pseudopregnacny<strong>in</strong> carnivoes. Particularly <strong>in</strong> felids, steroidanalyses did not provide an early pregnancy-specificdiagnosis. In the lynx, it is even impossible to use faecalP4 and estrogen metabolite analyses as an <strong>in</strong>dex ofpregnancy. However, there are evidences that theplacenta might contribute to steroid biosynthesis.Therefore, LC-MS based metabolite screen<strong>in</strong>gs compar<strong>in</strong>gpregnant and pseudopregnant females offer anoption to identify pregnancy specific placental steroids.Their identification might allow the development of aspecific assay whose cross-species applicability had to beproved for practice <strong>in</strong> other felid species.Alternatively, sensitive ur<strong>in</strong>ary relax<strong>in</strong> assays mightbe used to confirm pregnancy <strong>in</strong> the lynx. For theÓ 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Non-<strong>in</strong>vasive Monitor<strong>in</strong>g of Hormones 81management of felids <strong>in</strong> zoos, ur<strong>in</strong>ary relax<strong>in</strong> analysiswill be an important research tool supposed ur<strong>in</strong>ecollections could be arranged. Due to species specificbarriers further research is necessary to assess whetherur<strong>in</strong>ary relax<strong>in</strong> could be used to diagnose pregnancy<strong>in</strong> other felids. For free-rang<strong>in</strong>g populations,however, techniques based on faecal samples areessential for study<strong>in</strong>g animals with<strong>in</strong> their naturalhabitat.ReferencesAddiego LA, Tsutsui T, Stewart DR, Stabenfeldt GH, 1987:Determ<strong>in</strong>ation of the source of immunoreactive relax<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>the cat. Biol Reprod 37, 1165–1169.Asa CS, Bauman K, Callahan P, Bauman J, Volkmann DH,Jo¨ chle W, 2006: GnRH agonist <strong>in</strong>duction of fertile estruswith either natural mat<strong>in</strong>g or artificial <strong>in</strong>sem<strong>in</strong>ation, followedby birth of pups <strong>in</strong> gray wolves (Canis lupus).Theriogenology 66, 1778–1782.Barrett GM, Shimizu K, Bardi M, Mori A, 2002: Fecaltestosterone immunoreactivity as a non-<strong>in</strong>vasive <strong>in</strong>dex offunct<strong>in</strong>al testosterone dynamics <strong>in</strong> male Japanese macaques(Macaca fuscata). Primates 43, 29–39.Brown JL, Wasser SK, Wildt DE, Graham LH, 1994:Comparative aspects of steroid hormone metabolism andovarian activity <strong>in</strong> felids, measured non<strong>in</strong>vasively <strong>in</strong> faeces.Biol Reprod 51, 776–786.Brown JL, Terio KE, Graham LH, 1996: Faecal androgenmetabolite analysis for non <strong>in</strong>vasive of testicular steroidogenicactivity <strong>in</strong> felids. Zoo Biol 15, 425–434.Brown JL, Graham LG, Wielebnowski N, Swanson WF,Wildt DE, Howard JG, 2001: Understand<strong>in</strong>g the basicreproductive biology of wild felids by monitor<strong>in</strong>g of faecalsteroids. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 57, 71–82.Capezzuto A, Chel<strong>in</strong>i MOM, Felippe ECG, Oliveira CA, 2008:Correlation between serum and fecal concentrations ofreproductive steroids throughout gestation <strong>in</strong> goats. AnimReprod Sci 103, 78–86.Cardillo M, Mace GM, Gittleman JL, Purvis A, 2006: Latentext<strong>in</strong>ction risk and the future battlegrounds of mammalconservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 4157–4161.Cavigelli SA, Dubovick T, Levash W, Jolly A, Pitts A, 2003:Female dom<strong>in</strong>ance status and faecal corticoids <strong>in</strong> a cooperativebreeder with low reproductive skew: r<strong>in</strong>g-tailedlemurs (Lemur catta). Horm Behav 43, 166–179.Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Sobero´ n J, Salazar I, Fay JP, 2005:Global mammal conservation: what must we manage?Science 309, 546–547.Davidson AP, Nyland TG, Tsutsui T, 1986: Pregnancydiagnosis with ultrasound <strong>in</strong> the domestic cat. Vet Radiol27, 109–114.Earnhardt JM, Thompson SD, Schad K, 2004: Strategicplann<strong>in</strong>g for captive populations: project<strong>in</strong>g changes <strong>in</strong>genetic diversity. Anim Conserv 7, 9–16.Go¨ ritz F, Quest M, Hildebrandt TB, Meyer HHD, Kolter L,Jewgenow K, 2001: Antiprogest<strong>in</strong>s – a new approach tocontrol reproduction <strong>in</strong> captive bears. J Reprod Fertil Suppl57, 249–254.Graham LH, Goodrowe KL, Raeside JI, Liptrap RM, 2005:Non-<strong>in</strong>vasive monitor<strong>in</strong>g of ovarian function <strong>in</strong> several felidspecies by measurement of faecal estradiol-17 and progest<strong>in</strong>s.Zoo Biol 14, 223–237.Graham LH, Byers AP, Armstrong DL, Loskutoff NM,Swanson WF, Wildt DE, Brown JL, 2006: Natural andgonadotrop<strong>in</strong>-<strong>in</strong>duced ovarian activity <strong>in</strong> tigers (Pantheratigris) assessed by fecal steroid analyses. Gen Comp Endocr<strong>in</strong>ol147, 362–370.de Haas van Dorsser FJ, Swanson WF, Lasano S, Ste<strong>in</strong>etz BG,2006: Development, validation, and application of a ur<strong>in</strong>aryrelax<strong>in</strong> radioimmunoassay for the diagnosis and monitor<strong>in</strong>gof pregnancy <strong>in</strong> felids. Biol Reprod 74, 1090–1095.Heistermann M, Tari S, Hodges JK, 1993: Measurement offaecal steroids for monitor<strong>in</strong>g ovarian function <strong>in</strong> NewWorld primates, Callitrichidae. J Reprod Fertil 99, 243–251.Heistermann M, Ademmer C, Kaumanns W, 2004: Ovariancycle and effect of social changes on adrenal and ovarianfunction <strong>in</strong> Pygathrix nemaeus. Int J Primatol 25, 689–708.Heistermann M, Palme R, Gansw<strong>in</strong>dt A, 2006: Comparison ofdifferent enzyme immunoassays for assessment of adrenocorticalactivity <strong>in</strong> primates based on fecal analysis. Am JPrimatol 68, 257–273.Hermes R, Go¨ ritz F, Maltzan J, Blottner S, Proudfoot J,Fritsch G, Fassbender M, Quest M, Hildebrandt TB, 2001:Establishment of assisted reproduction technologies <strong>in</strong>female and male African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). JReprod Fertil Suppl 57, 315–321.Hermes R, Go¨ ritz F, Streich WJ, Hildebrandt TB, 2007:Assisted reproduction <strong>in</strong> female rh<strong>in</strong>oceros and elephants –current status and future perspective. Reprod Domest Anim42(Suppl. 2), 33–44.Hildebrandt TB, Hermes R, Walzer C, So´ s E, Molnar V,Mezo¨ si L, Schnorrenberg A, Sil<strong>in</strong>ski S, Streich J, SchwarzenbergerF, Go¨ ritz F, 2007: Artificial <strong>in</strong>sem<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> theanoestrous and the postpartum white rh<strong>in</strong>oceros us<strong>in</strong>gGnRH analogue to <strong>in</strong>duce ovulation. Theriogenology 67,1473–1484.Jewgenow K, Naidenko SV, Goeritz F, Vargas A, DehnhardM, 2006: Monitor<strong>in</strong>g testicular activity of male Eurasian(Lynx lynx) and Iberian (Lynx pard<strong>in</strong>us) lynx by fecaltestosterone metabolite measurement. Gen Comp Endocr<strong>in</strong>ol149, 151–158.Kretzschmar P, Gansloßer U, Dehnhard M, 2004: Relationshipbetween androgens, environmental factors and reproductivebehavior <strong>in</strong> male white rh<strong>in</strong>oceros (Ceratotheriumsimum simum). Horm Behav 45, 1–9.Masui M, Hiramatsu H, Nose N, Nakasato R, Sagawa Y,Tajima H, Saito K, 1989: Successful artificial <strong>in</strong>sem<strong>in</strong>ation<strong>in</strong> the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at Ueno Zoo.Zoo Biol 8, 17–26.Mesoch<strong>in</strong>a P, Bed<strong>in</strong> E, Ostrowski S, 2003: Re<strong>in</strong>troduc<strong>in</strong>gantelopes <strong>in</strong>to arid areas: lessons learnt from the oryx <strong>in</strong>Saudi Arabia. CR Biol 326(Suppl. 1), S158–S165.Meyer HHD, Rohleder M, Streich WJ, Go¨ ltenboth R, Ochs A,1997: Sexualsteroidprofile und Ovaraktivita¨ ten des PandaweibchensYAN YAN im Berl<strong>in</strong>er Zoo. Berl Mu¨ nchTiera¨ rztl Wschr 110, 143–147.Moor<strong>in</strong>g MS, Patton ML, Lance VA, Hall BM, Schaad EW,Fort<strong>in</strong> SS, Jella JE, McPeak KM, 2004: Fecal androgens ofbison bulls dur<strong>in</strong>g the rut. Horm Behav 46, 392–398.Moreira N, Monteiro-Filho ELA, Moraes W, Swanson WF,Graham LH, Pasquali OL, Gomes MLF, Morais RN, WildtDE, Brown JL, 2001: Reproductive steroid hormones andovarian activity <strong>in</strong> felids of the Leopardus genus. Zoo Biol20, 103–116.Palme R, Fischer P, Schildorfer H, Ismail MN, 1996:Excretion of <strong>in</strong>fused 14C-steroid hormones via faeces andur<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> domestic livestock. Anim Reprod Sci 43, 43–63.Paris MCJ, White A, Reiss A, West M, Schwarzenberger F,2002: Faecal progesterone metabolites and behaviouralobservations for the non-<strong>in</strong>vasive assessment of oestrouscycles <strong>in</strong> the common wombat (Vombatus urs<strong>in</strong>us) and thesouthern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorh<strong>in</strong>us latifrons). AnimReprod Sci 72, 245–257.Pelican KM, Wildt DE, Pukazhenthi B, Howard J, 2006:Ovarian control for assisted reproduction <strong>in</strong> the domesticcat and wild felids. Theriogenology 66, 37–48.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
- Page 2 and 3:
Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsOff
- Page 5 and 6:
Reproductionin Domestic AnimalsTabl
- Page 7 and 8:
Minitüb:ProductsforArtificial Inse
- Page 9 and 10:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 1-7
- Page 11 and 12:
Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
- Page 13 and 14:
Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
- Page 15 and 16:
Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
- Page 17 and 18:
Ethical Models for Studying Reprodu
- Page 19 and 20:
Ethical Models for Studying Reprodu
- Page 21 and 22:
Ethical Models for Studying Reprodu
- Page 23 and 24:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 15-2
- Page 25 and 26:
Dietary Pollutants as Risk Factors
- Page 27 and 28:
Dietary Pollutants as Risk Factors
- Page 29 and 30:
Dietary Pollutants as Risk Factors
- Page 31 and 32:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Supp. 2), 23-30
- Page 33 and 34:
Factors Influencing Reproduction in
- Page 35 and 36:
Factors Influencing Reproduction in
- Page 37 and 38: Factors Influencing Reproduction in
- Page 39 and 40: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 31-3
- Page 41 and 42: GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 33h
- Page 43 and 44: GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 35h
- Page 45 and 46: GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 37B
- Page 47: GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 39R
- Page 51 and 52: Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
- Page 53 and 54: Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
- Page 55 and 56: Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
- Page 57 and 58: Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
- Page 59 and 60: Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
- Page 61 and 62: Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
- Page 63 and 64: Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
- Page 65 and 66: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 57-6
- Page 67 and 68: Regulation of Luteal Function 59and
- Page 69 and 70: Regulation of Luteal Function 61bov
- Page 71 and 72: Regulation of Luteal Function 63(+/
- Page 73 and 74: Regulation of Luteal Function 65sys
- Page 75 and 76: Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
- Page 77 and 78: Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
- Page 79 and 80: Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
- Page 81 and 82: Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
- Page 83 and 84: Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
- Page 85 and 86: Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
- Page 87: Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
- Page 91 and 92: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 83-8
- Page 93 and 94: Biotechnology Methods for Preservin
- Page 95 and 96: Biotechnology Methods for Preservin
- Page 97 and 98: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 89-9
- Page 99 and 100: Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Re
- Page 101 and 102: Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Re
- Page 103 and 104: Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Re
- Page 105 and 106: Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
- Page 107 and 108: Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
- Page 109 and 110: Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
- Page 111 and 112: Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
- Page 113 and 114: CL-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions
- Page 115 and 116: CL-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions
- Page 117 and 118: CL-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions
- Page 119 and 120: CL-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions
- Page 121 and 122: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 113-
- Page 123 and 124: Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
- Page 125 and 126: Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
- Page 127 and 128: Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
- Page 129 and 130: Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
- Page 131 and 132: Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in
- Page 133 and 134: Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in
- Page 135 and 136: Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in
- Page 137 and 138: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 129-
- Page 139 and 140:
Nutritional Interactions and Reprod
- Page 141 and 142:
Nutritional Interactions and Reprod
- Page 143 and 144:
Nutritional Interactions and Reprod
- Page 145 and 146:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 137-
- Page 147 and 148:
Developmental Capabilities of Prepu
- Page 149 and 150:
Developmental Capabilities of Prepu
- Page 151 and 152:
Developmental Capabilities of Prepu
- Page 153 and 154:
Reproductive Physiology, Pathology
- Page 155 and 156:
Reproductive Physiology, Pathology
- Page 157 and 158:
Reproductive Physiology, Pathology
- Page 159 and 160:
Reproduction of Domestic Ferret 151
- Page 161 and 162:
Reproduction of Domestic Ferret 153
- Page 163 and 164:
Reproduction of Domestic Ferret 155
- Page 165 and 166:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 157-
- Page 167 and 168:
Canine Anoestrus, Oestrous Inductio
- Page 169 and 170:
Canine Anoestrus, Oestrous Inductio
- Page 171 and 172:
Canine Anoestrus, Oestrous Inductio
- Page 173 and 174:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 165-
- Page 175 and 176:
The Ethics and Role of AI in Dogs 1
- Page 177 and 178:
The Ethics and Role of AI in Dogs 1
- Page 179 and 180:
The Ethics and Role of AI in Dogs 1
- Page 181 and 182:
Control of Fertility in Females by
- Page 183 and 184:
Control of Fertility in Females by
- Page 185 and 186:
Control of Fertility in Females by
- Page 187 and 188:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 179-
- Page 189 and 190:
Controlling Animal Populations Usin
- Page 191 and 192:
Controlling Animal Populations Usin
- Page 193 and 194:
Controlling Animal Populations Usin
- Page 195 and 196:
Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assist
- Page 197 and 198:
Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assist
- Page 199 and 200:
Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assist
- Page 201 and 202:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 193-
- Page 203 and 204:
Farm Animals Embryonic Stem Cells 1
- Page 205 and 206:
Farm Animals Embryonic Stem Cells 1
- Page 207 and 208:
Farm Animals Embryonic Stem Cells 1
- Page 209 and 210:
Reproduction in Domestic Buffalo 20
- Page 211 and 212:
Reproduction in Domestic Buffalo 20
- Page 213 and 214:
Reproduction in Domestic Buffalo 20
- Page 215 and 216:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 207-
- Page 217 and 218:
Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Sout
- Page 219 and 220:
Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Sout
- Page 221 and 222:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 213-
- Page 223 and 224:
Mother-Offspring Interactions 215an
- Page 225 and 226:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 217-
- Page 227 and 228:
Reproduction Augmentation in Yak an
- Page 229 and 230:
Reproduction Augmentation in Yak an
- Page 231 and 232:
Reproduction Augmentation in Yak an
- Page 233 and 234:
Follicles and Mares 2251982). Simil
- Page 235 and 236:
Follicles and Mares 227Studies invo
- Page 237 and 238:
Follicles and Mares 229dominant fol
- Page 239 and 240:
Follicles and Mares 231trus, spring
- Page 241 and 242:
Proteins in Early Equine Conceptuse
- Page 243 and 244:
Proteins in Early Equine Conceptuse
- Page 245 and 246:
Proteins in Early Equine Conceptuse
- Page 247 and 248:
Follicular and Oocyte Competence un
- Page 249 and 250:
Follicular and Oocyte Competence un
- Page 251 and 252:
Follicular and Oocyte Competence un
- Page 253 and 254:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 245-
- Page 255 and 256:
Fertilization in the Porcine Fallop
- Page 257 and 258:
Fertilization in the Porcine Fallop
- Page 259 and 260:
Fertilization in the Porcine Fallop
- Page 261 and 262:
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
- Page 263 and 264:
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
- Page 265 and 266:
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
- Page 267 and 268:
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
- Page 269 and 270:
Embryo ⁄ Foetal Losses in Ruminan
- Page 271 and 272:
Embryo ⁄ Foetal Losses in Ruminan
- Page 273 and 274:
Embryo ⁄ Foetal Losses in Ruminan
- Page 275 and 276:
Embryo ⁄ Foetal Losses in Ruminan
- Page 277 and 278:
Death Ligand and Receptor Pig Ovari
- Page 279 and 280:
Death Ligand and Receptor Pig Ovari
- Page 281 and 282:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 273-
- Page 283:
Lactocrine Programming of Uterine D
- Page 286 and 287:
278 FF Bartol, AA Wiley and CA Bagn
- Page 288 and 289:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 280-
- Page 290 and 291:
282 KC Caires, JA Schmidt, AP Olive
- Page 292 and 293:
284 KC Caires, JA Schmidt, AP Olive
- Page 294 and 295:
286 KC Caires, JA Schmidt, AP Olive
- Page 296 and 297:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 288-
- Page 298 and 299:
290 I Dobrinskisuccessful also betw
- Page 300 and 301:
292 I DobrinskiCreemers LB, Meng X,
- Page 302 and 303:
294 I DobrinskiOkutsu T, Suzuki K,
- Page 304 and 305:
296 N Rawlings, ACO Evans, RK Chand
- Page 306 and 307:
298 N Rawlings, ACO Evans, RK Chand
- Page 308 and 309:
300 N Rawlings, ACO Evans, RK Chand
- Page 310 and 311:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 302-
- Page 312 and 313:
304 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X Yanggr
- Page 314 and 315:
306 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X YangIn
- Page 316 and 317:
308 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X YangHo
- Page 318 and 319:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 310-
- Page 320 and 321:
312 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
- Page 322 and 323:
314 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
- Page 324 and 325:
316 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
- Page 326 and 327:
318 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
- Page 328 and 329:
320 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
- Page 330 and 331:
322 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
- Page 332 and 333:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 324-
- Page 334 and 335:
326 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
- Page 336 and 337:
328 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
- Page 338 and 339:
330 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
- Page 340 and 341:
332 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
- Page 342 and 343:
334 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
- Page 344 and 345:
336 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
- Page 346 and 347:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 338-
- Page 348 and 349:
340 D Rath and LA JohnsonCommercial
- Page 350 and 351:
342 D Rath and LA JohnsonThe Commer
- Page 352 and 353:
344 D Rath and LA JohnsonX- and Y-b
- Page 354 and 355:
346 D Rath and LA JohnsonWalker SK,
- Page 356 and 357:
348 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 358 and 359:
350 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 360 and 361:
352 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 362 and 363:
354 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 364 and 365:
356 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
- Page 366 and 367:
358 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
- Page 368 and 369:
360 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 370 and 371:
362 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 372 and 373:
364 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 374 and 375:
366 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 376 and 377:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 368-
- Page 378 and 379:
370 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilsp
- Page 380 and 381:
372 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilme
- Page 382 and 383:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 374-
- Page 384 and 385:
376 GC AlthouseTable 1. Potential s
- Page 386 and 387:
378 GC Althousesemen to the domesti
- Page 388 and 389:
380 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
- Page 390 and 391:
382 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
- Page 392 and 393:
384 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
- Page 394 and 395:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 386-
- Page 396 and 397:
388 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannFig.
- Page 398 and 399:
390 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannMMPs
- Page 400 and 401:
392 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannTado
- Page 402 and 403:
394 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 404 and 405:
396 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 406 and 407:
398 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 408 and 409:
400 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 410 and 411:
402 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 412 and 413:
404 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 414 and 415:
406 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 416 and 417:
408 B ObackNumber of publications20
- Page 418 and 419:
410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
- Page 420 and 421:
412 B Obackstudies have shown that
- Page 422 and 423:
414 B ObackFig. 4. Climbing mount e
- Page 424 and 425:
416 B ObackRenard JP, Maruotti J, J
- Page 426 and 427:
418 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 428 and 429:
420 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 430 and 431:
422 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 434:
Table of Contents Volume 43 · Supp