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Biol Reprod 77, 803–812.Author’s address (for correspondence): C Bruce A Whitelaw, TheRosl<strong>in</strong> Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Studies,University of Ed<strong>in</strong>burgh, Rosl<strong>in</strong>, Midlothian, Ed<strong>in</strong>burgh EH25 9PS,UK. E-mail: bruce.whitelaw@rosl<strong>in</strong>.ed.ac.ukConflict of <strong>in</strong>terest: CBA Whitelaw has received both National andInternational research fund<strong>in</strong>g from various public bodies to pursuethis research; the rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g authors declare no conflict of <strong>in</strong>terests.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 359–367 (2008); doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01185.xISSN 0936-6768Use of Microarray Technology to Profile Gene Expression Patterns Important for<strong>Reproduction</strong> <strong>in</strong> CattleACO Evans 1 , N Forde 1 , GM O’Gorman 1 , AE Zielak 2 , P Lonergan 1 and T Fair 11 School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, and the Conway Institute, University College Dubl<strong>in</strong>, Dubl<strong>in</strong>, Ireland; 2 Institute ofAnimal Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, PolandContentsFertility <strong>in</strong> cattle is a major component of many agriculturalenterprises and there is pressure to devise methods to improvethis. A number of approaches are ongo<strong>in</strong>g, one of which is tobetter understand the cellular and molecular events of thedevelopment of reproductive tissues and to use these as targetsfor develop<strong>in</strong>g new strategies. Microarray technologies nowallow us the potential to determ<strong>in</strong>e the transcriptional profileof expressed genes <strong>in</strong> a given tissue. This review focuses on thetypes of microarrays available for studies <strong>in</strong> cattle andconcludes that genes associated with one or more of thecellular processes of cell survival ⁄ death, <strong>in</strong>tracellular signall<strong>in</strong>g,transcription and translation, cell division and proliferationand cellular metabolism are the ma<strong>in</strong> transcriptionalpathways that control the development of ovarian follicles,oocytes, early embryos and the uter<strong>in</strong>e endometrium about thetime of the establishment of pregnancy.IntroductionFertility rates <strong>in</strong> cattle (pregnancies per <strong>in</strong>sem<strong>in</strong>ation)are depend<strong>in</strong>g on the types of animals be<strong>in</strong>g bred andthe production system that they are <strong>in</strong>; however, ratesof more than 50% <strong>in</strong> multiparous animals (i.e. notheifers) are not often achieved (Disk<strong>in</strong> et al. 2006).Strategies that aim to improve fertility rates depend onimprov<strong>in</strong>g our understand<strong>in</strong>g of organ, cellular andmolecular events that control reproduction and it is forthis reason that there is a great <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gthe relationship between the expression of genes <strong>in</strong>tissues and their consequences for fertility. A numberof recent publications have reviewed the potential formicroarrays and bov<strong>in</strong>e reproduction (Niemann et al.2007; Smith and Rosa 2007; Wrenzycki et al. 2007;Bonnet et al. 2008; Mitko et al. 2008). In this review,we focus on the different microarray approaches andtechnologies that are <strong>in</strong> use and then go on to reviewthe genomics of ovarian follicle development, oocytedevelopment, embryo development and uter<strong>in</strong>e functionabout the time of the establishment of pregnancy<strong>in</strong> cattle.Microarrays and Functional GenomicsThe term genomics was proposed <strong>in</strong> 1987 as thebr<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g together of molecular biology, cell biology andgenetics (McKusick and Ruddle 1987) and refers to thestudy of whole sets of genes and their <strong>in</strong>teractions. Thestudy of the expression of particular genes at specifictimes <strong>in</strong> cells, that leads to a description of theirfunction, is termed functional genomics. Advances <strong>in</strong>the scale and sophistication of DNA microarrays haveheralded a new era away from the traditional gene-bygeneapproach and towards the study of complex<strong>in</strong>terrelated processes that frequently occur <strong>in</strong> biologicalsystems. Although many different microarraysystems have been developed, the most commonly usedsystems are complementary DNA (cDNA) microarrays,oligonucleotide microarrays and high-density(Affymetrix-style) fabricated short oligonucleotidemicroarrays.Complementary DNA (cDNA) microarraysThe earliest and still most widely used form of geneexpression arrays are DNA microarrays where a presynthesizedprobe (cDNA or oligonucleotide) is spottedonto a support (Hager 2006). The first generation ofmicroarrays used cDNA as probes on glass slides(Schena et al. 1995). These early microarrays weregenerally available for human, rodent and other majormodel organisms, while those for cattle were developedlater and cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be developed. Many of thesebov<strong>in</strong>e cDNA microarrays are customized or specificfor particular research areas of <strong>in</strong>terest, which has anadvantage of produc<strong>in</strong>g ‘bespoke’ <strong>in</strong>-house microarrays.Probes for cDNA microarrays are usuallyproducts of the polymerase cha<strong>in</strong> reaction (PCR)generated from cDNA libraries or clone collections,us<strong>in</strong>g either vector-specific or gene-specific primers, andare pr<strong>in</strong>ted onto glass slides or nylon membranes asspots at def<strong>in</strong>ed locations (Schulze and Downward2001). On most slides, genes are spotted <strong>in</strong> duplicate ortriplicate, where the cDNA <strong>in</strong> each spot is usually awhole gene or expressed sequence tag (EST) and isoptimally approximately 300–800 nucleotides long(Bryant et al. 2004). The availability of cDNA clonesets for array<strong>in</strong>g has depended on large-scale ESTsequenc<strong>in</strong>g projects that have resulted <strong>in</strong> millions ofEST sequences be<strong>in</strong>g deposited <strong>in</strong> GenBank; subsequentlythe complexity of these collections is reducedby the assembly of related sequences <strong>in</strong>to clusters(Lyons 2003). Overall, cDNA microarrays have beenvital for the <strong>in</strong>itial development and dissem<strong>in</strong>ation ofmicroarray technology. However, a range of technicalissues arise dur<strong>in</strong>g their production; these <strong>in</strong>clude phagecontam<strong>in</strong>ation, <strong>in</strong>correct annotation and errors <strong>in</strong> highthroughputproduction of probe sets generated fromtens of thousands of bacterial clones. These problemshave prompted a search for an alternative type of probeand spotted oligonucleotide microarrays have been onepopular alternative.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
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- Page 398 and 399: 390 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannMMPs
- Page 400 and 401: 392 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannTado
- Page 402 and 403: 394 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 404 and 405: 396 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 406 and 407: 398 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 408 and 409: 400 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 410 and 411: 402 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 412 and 413: 404 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 414 and 415: 406 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 416 and 417:
408 B ObackNumber of publications20
- Page 418 and 419:
410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
- Page 420 and 421:
412 B Obackstudies have shown that
- Page 422 and 423:
414 B ObackFig. 4. Climbing mount e
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416 B ObackRenard JP, Maruotti J, J
- Page 426 and 427:
418 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 428 and 429:
420 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 430 and 431:
422 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
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Table of Contents Volume 43 · Supp