Reproduction in Domestic Animals

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210 PS Brar and AS Nandalactating animals throughout Indian subcontinent, especiallyunder small holding farming system (Singh et al.2006). The phenomenon of suckling appears to be moreintense in zebu cows than in crossbred cows. A study onrestricted suckling revealed that zebu suckled for 36% ofthe grazing time which was significantly longer than incrossbred cows. In addition, the duration of eachsuckling bout and number of suckling bouts weresignificantly higher in zebu cows than in crossbred.The duration and frequency of cross-suckling and intersucklingdecreased with increase in age of calves, andboth behaviour variables were significantly higher forcrossbred calves than for zebu calves. Although zebucows had lower milk yield, the total duration of sucklingand preferential bonding towards their own offspringswere higher than in crossbred cows (Das 1999). Therewas no significant difference in the growth rate ofdivergent follicles between suckling restricted and sucklingnon-restricted cows (0.87 vs 0.93 mm ⁄ day, respectively).However, with 72-h suckling restriction, 94.7%postpartum cows showed signs of oestrus when comparedwith 46.6% in the control group (p < 0.05;Mahecha et al. 2003). Temporary suspension of sucklingenhanced the oestrous synchronization success in Nelorecows (Moraes et al. 2003).Studies on improving success of AI in Ongole cowsrevealed better conception rates with semen depositeddeep intrauterine (73.63%) than in body of uterus(63.79%) or mid-cervix (53.68%) (Rao and Naidu2001). Wrong time insemination (9–15%), a majorcause infertility in zebu cows, has been reported in themost developing countries including Bangladesh, Chinaand Myanmar. Further, microbial endometritis in morethan 11% zebu cows forms other factor limiting thesuccess of AI (Shamsuddin et al. 2007).Zebu cattle in tropical Asia are normally kept bysmall farmers and often under poor managementalconditions. They are prone to parasitic infestations, animportant pathological variable causing prolongedpostpartum anoestrus in zebu cattle. In a study incentral parts of India, Singh and Saxena (2006) revealedbursate worms infestation in 100% anoestrous Haryanacows. Substantially, higher proportion of these cameinto oestrus within 20 days after deworming (26% vs14% untreated cows). Ecto- and endoparasitism ishighly prevalent in zebu cows in tropical Asia. Luckily,however, they have better innate immunity against theseand other tropical diseases compared with the crossbredcattle (Chenoweth 1994). Their reproduction is, therefore,less likely to be affected by such diseases than theircrossbred counterparts.It is thus evident that the reproductive efficiency ofzebu cows could be improved through provision ofproper nutrition, management, especially during periparum,calf weaning and improved oestrous detection(Mugerwa et al. 1991).Conservation of Zebu CattleConservation of zebu cattle is very important owingto their merits of better disease resistance, thermotoleranceand crude fibre utilization than in crossbredand exotic cows. Overall incidence of clinical reproductivehealth problems was lesser in zebu than intheir crosses with exotic blood (22% vs 36%). Studiesby Mandal et al. (2005) revealed that incidence ofabortion, still birth, premature birth, retention ofplacenta, dystocia and total parturient disorders were3.16%, 2.70%, 0.45%, 7.00%, 0.90% and 14.21%,respectively. More cows suffered from parturientdisorders during winter, followed by summer, andrainy seasons. Seasons, however, appeared to have nomajor effect on mortality rate in adult zebu cattle(Prasad et al. 2004), owing perhaps to their innatetolerance to extremes of tropical temperature andhumidity. Pre-implantation zebu embryos are lessvulnerable to elevated temperature than are embryosfrom European breeds (Hansen 2004). In response tothreats of global warming, further development andpropagation of zebu cattle are vital.From the foregoing, it is evident that the zebu cattlehas been and is an integral and vital part of socioeconomiclife, especially in rural tropical Asia. However,these animals did not attract the attention of thescientists and the policy makers alike, and postpartumreproductive physiology remained unexplored and thezebu unexploited. The fact that several breeds of Asianzebu have performed better in American and Australiancontinents, emphasis is needed on studies to developstrategies to exploit the full production potential ofthese breeds within Asia too. As the postpartum periodis the key window in the entire spectrum of reproductiveprocess, much more work needs to be carried out tounderstand the physiology and the limiting factors sothat appropriate interventions to enhance fertility inzebu cattle are developed.ReferencesAbeygunawardena H, Dematawewa CM, 2004: Pre-pubertaland postpartum anoestrus in tropical zebu cattle. AnimReprod Sci 82–83, 373–387.Abeygunawardena H, Abayawansa WD, Kaduwela SC, 1992:Postpartum anostrus in cattle and buffaloes;experiences withhormonal therapy. In: Proceedings of 45th Annual Conventionof Sri Lanka Veterinary Association, Colombo, SriLanka 11–12 December 1992, pp 21.Ahuja C, Montiel F, 2004: Induction of ovulation with GnRHand PGF2 alpha in lactating Bos taurus · Bos indicus cows.Acta Vet Hung 52, 501–508.Akhtar T, Lodhi LA, Khanum SA, Rashad MA, Hussain M,2007: Improving reproductive efficiency in an artificialinsemination programme through early non-pregnancydiagnosis, management and training. In: Boettcher P (ed.),Improving the Reproductive Management of Dairy CattleSubjected to Artificial Insemination, Vienna, Austria.IAEA-TECDOC-1533, pp. 103–112.Baburao K, Rao KS, 1999: Reproductive performance ofOngole cattle. Indian J Anim Reprod 20, 120–122.Barcelos AF, Garcia JA, Cardoso RM, Torres CAA, FerreiraBA, Americo GJ, Maciel CR, Alves CA, 1989: Effects ofclimate and diet on the physiological reactions of buffaloes,zebu cattle, Bos taurus and their crosses. 1. Rectal temperatureand respiration rate. Rev Soc Bras Zoot 18, 32–41.Baruselli PS, Reis EL, Marques MO, Nasser LF, Bo GA,2004: The use of hormonal treatments to improve reproductiveperformance of anoestrus beef cattle in tropicalclimates. Anim Reprod Sci 82–83, 479–486.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Postpartum Ovarian Activity in South Asian Zebu Cattle 211Bo GA, Baruselli PS, Martinez MF, 2003: Pattern andmanipulation of follicular development in Bos indicus cattle.Anim Reprod Sci 78, 307–326.Boettcher P, 2007: Improving the Reproductive Managementof Dairy Cattle Subjected to Artificial Insemination, Vienna,Austria. IAEA-TECDOC-1533.Bolanos JM, Molina JR, Forsberg M, 1997: Effect of bloodsampling and administration of ACTH on cortisol andprogesterone levels in ovariectomized zebu cows (Bosindicus).Acta Vet Scand 38, 1–7.Bramhaiah KV, Rao ST, Reddy YR, 2003: Reproduction inPunjanur cattle. Indian J Anim Reprod 24, 51.Chakurkar EB, Deopurkar VL, Bakshi SA, Chinchkar SR,2004: Success rate of embryo transfer and serum progesteronelevels in recipients of gir and its crosses under farmconditions. Indian Vet J 81, 250–254.Chenoweth PJ, 1994: Aspects of reproduction in female Bosindicus cattle: a review. Aust Vet J 71, 422–426.Das SM, 1999: Performance and behaviour of the cow and calfin restricted suckling and artificial rearing systems. Acta-Universitatis-Agri-Sueciae-Agraria 145, 36.de S Torres-Ju´nior JR, de FA Pires M, de Sa´ WF, de MFerreira A, Viana JH, Camargo LS, Ramos AA, FolhadellaIM, Polisseni J, de Freitas C, Clemente CA, de Sa´ Filho MF,Paula-Lopes FF, Baruselli PS, 2008: Effect of maternal heatstresson follicular growth and oocyte competence in Bosindicus cattle. Theriogenology 69, 155–166.Deshmukh AW, Kaikini AS, 1990: Studies on involution ofuterus in relation to postpartum oestrus in Sahiwal · Jerseycrossbreds with three levels of inheritance. Indian J AnimReprod 11, 122–124.Dobson H, 1978: Plasma gonadotropins and estradiol duringestrus in the cow. J Reprod Fert 52, 51–53.Gaur M, Purohit GN, 2007: Follicular dynamics in Rathi (Bosindicus) cattle. Vetrinarski Arhiv 77, 177–186.Ghosh A, Alam MGS, Akbar MA, 1993: Effect of ureamolasses-mineralblock supplementation on postpartumovarian activity in Zebu cows. Anim Reprod Sci 31, 61–67.Hansen PJ, 2004: Physiological and cellular adaptations ofzebu cattle to thermal stress. Anim Reprod Sci 82–83, 349–360.Joshi BK, Singh A, Gandhi RS, 2001: Performance evaluation,conservation and improvement of Sahiwal cattle in India.Anim Genet Res Inf 31, 43–54.Kathiresan D, Arosh AJ, Devanathan TG, Subramanian A,Nainar MA, Nachimuthu K, 2001: Dose of Norgestometand its effect on the secretary pattern of hormones inKangeyam cows. Indian J Anim Reprod 22, 1–5.Katiyar SS, Singh C, Katiyar MP, 1993: Effect of parity onsome productive and reproductive traits in sahiwal cattle(Bos indicus). Indian J Anim Reprod 14, 30–31.Lyimo ZC, Nkya R, Schoonman L, Eerdenburg FJCM, 2004:Postpartum reproductive performance of crossbred dairycattle on smallholder farms in sub-humid coastal Tanzania.Trop Anim Health Prod 36, 269–279.Mahecha LL, Henao D, Cardona M, Olivera AM, 2003: Effectof suckling restriction on heat presentation in postpartumzebu cows. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias 16,215–219.Mandal DK, Tayagi S, Mukherjee S, 2005: Seasonal variationin the incidence of parturient disorders of Sahiwal cattle.Indian J Anim Reprod 26, 58–59.Markendeya NM, Bharkad GP, 2004: Controlled breedingwith norgestomet ear implant for induction of postpartum oestrus in Deoni cows. Indian J Anim Reprod 25,53–54.Markandeya NM, Bhikane AU, Bharkad GP, 2002: Clinicalresponse to microminerals with vitamin E supplementationin anoestrus Deoni cows. Indian J Anim Reprod 23, 77–78.Medrano EA, Hernandez O, Lamothe C, Galina CS, 1996:Evidence of asynchrony in the onset of signs of oestrus inzebu cattle treated with a progestogen ear implant. Res VetSci 60, 51–54.Mitloehner FM, Laube RB, 2003: Chronobiological indicatorsof heat stress in Bos indicus cattle in the tropics. J Anim VetAdv 2, 654–659.Mondhe DM, Dopurkar VL, Hukeri VB, Mantri AM,Hingane VR, Kaikini AS, 1989: Serum FSH and oestradiol-17bconcentrations in postpartum anoestrus crossbredcattle. Indian J Anim Reprod 10, 6–9.Montiel F, Ahuja C, 2005: Body condition and suckling asfactors influencing the duration of postpartum anestrus incattle: a review. Anim Reprod Sci 85, 1–26.Moraes TT, Okuda HT, Bianchinni SE, 2003: The calvingafter the first estrous period observed after oestrus synchronizationprotocol associated with the temporary interruptionof suckling. Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal27, 666–673.Mugerwa EM, Tegegne A, Ketema H, 1991: Patterns ofpostpartum oestrus onset and associated plasma progesteroneprofiles in Bos indicus cows in Ethiopia. Anim ReprodSci 24, 273–284.Nienaber JA, Hahn GL, 2007: Livestock production systemmanagement responses to thermal challenges. Int J Biometeorol52, 149–157.Nordin Y, Zaini N, Wan Zahari WM (2007) Reproductivestatus following artificial insemination and factors affectingconception rate in dairy cows in smallholder productionsystems. In: Boettcher P (ed.) Improving the ReproductiveManagement of Dairy Cattle Subjected to ArtificialInsemination, Vienna, Austria. IAEA-TECDOC-1533, pp.79–92.Obasi OL, Ogwu D, Mai H, 1999: Efficiency of prostaglandinF2 alpha in the induction of physiological oestrus in Zebucattle. J Sus Agri Env 1, 114–118.Patil JS, Deshpande BR, 1981: Study of body weight changesduring antepartum, parturition and postpartum period inGir cows with special reference to exhibition of postpartumactions. Indian Vet J 58, 376–379.Portillo GE, Bridges GA, de Araujo JW, Shaw MKV, SchrickFN, Thatcher WW, Yelich JV, 2008: Response to GnRH onday 6 of the estrous cycle is diminished as the percentage ofBos indicus breeding increases in Angus, Brangus, andBrahman · Angus heifers. Anim Reprod Sci 103, 38–51.Prasad S, Mittal JP, Kaushish SK, Prasad S, 1996: Dominancepattern in free grazing zebu cattle. Indian J Anim ProdManag 12, 99–103.Prasad S, Ramachandran N, Raju S, 2004: Mortality patternsin dairy animals under organized herd managementconditions at Karnal, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 36,645–654.Purohit GN, Datt M, Shama SS, Upadhyaya RC, 2000:Estradol profile of Rathi cattle during estrus cycle. Indian JAnim Reprod 21, 6–7.Rao BK, Naidu VG, 2001: Effect of site of semen depositionon conception rate in Ongole cows. Indian J Anim Sci 22,60–62.Rekwot PI, Akinpelumi OP, Sekoni VO, Eduvie LO, OyedipeEO, 2004: Effects of nutritional supplementation andexposure to bulls on resumption of post-partum ovarianactivity in Bunaji (Bos indicus) cattle. Vet J 167, 67–71.Sahu SK, Tiwari RP, Mishra UK, 2005a: Treatment ofpostpartum anoestrus Sahiwal cows on the basis of VMIand ultrasonography using single injection of GnRH. IndianJ Anim Reprod 26, 99–101.Sahu SK, Tiwari RP, Mishra UK, Mukherejee K, 2005b:Ovarian activity and vaginal resistance in postpartumanoestrus Sahiwal cows. Indian J Anim Reprod 26, 109–112.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
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Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
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Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
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408 B ObackNumber of publications20
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410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
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