398 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran, S Uzbekova, A The´lie, J-M Traverso, C Perreau, P Papillier and P Mongetreceptor expression) as compared with oocytes fromprimary follicles.It appears f<strong>in</strong>ally that oocyte is able to regulate manyaspects of follicle somatic cells proliferation, differentiationand metabolic activities <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> late folliculargrowth regulation. This opens the way to a newhypothesis, i.e. that oocytes <strong>in</strong> early antral folliclesalready display <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic developmental competence.This competence may translate <strong>in</strong>to differential abilityto drive proper follicular differentiation <strong>in</strong> a decreas<strong>in</strong>gFSH support context and <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terfollicularcompetition. Poorly differentiated oocytes (oocytesbear<strong>in</strong>g some transcriptome abnormalities) fail <strong>in</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gproper somatic cells differentiation status or toprotect these cells aga<strong>in</strong>st apoptosis <strong>in</strong>duced by <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>glychalleng<strong>in</strong>g hormonal environment and f<strong>in</strong>allyleave their follicle degenerate on the way to atresia(Fig. 3). Hormonal stimulation of follicular growthpartly alleviates the selection pressure imposed onfollicles, and allows lower quality oocytes to drive theirfollicles to ovulation <strong>in</strong> these permissive conditions.The expression of many oocyte-specific genes dur<strong>in</strong>goocyte growth <strong>in</strong> pre-antral follicles is coord<strong>in</strong>ated bygerml<strong>in</strong>e-specific transcription factors such as FIGLAor NOBOX (Pangas and Rajkovic 2006). Interest<strong>in</strong>gly,NOBOX regulates oocyte genes <strong>in</strong>volved both <strong>in</strong> developmentalcompetence (Mater, Zar-1 and Mos) and <strong>in</strong>control of follicular function by oocyte (GDF-9 andBMP-15). This observation <strong>in</strong>dicates that oocytes deficient<strong>in</strong> terms of competence may also be deficient <strong>in</strong>their ability to properly drive their follicle to ovulation.ConclusionsDur<strong>in</strong>g its early growth <strong>in</strong> pre-antral follicles, the oocytestores specific gene products that will be determ<strong>in</strong>ant forits ability to coord<strong>in</strong>ate follicular growth and that willbe required dur<strong>in</strong>g early embryo development afterfertilization. Increas<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>es of evidence suggest that bythe time of antrum formation, the quality of oocyte isalready determ<strong>in</strong>ed. This quality will first be expressedthrough the ability of the oocyte to drive folliculargrowth under an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly challeng<strong>in</strong>g hormonalenvironment up to ovulation, avoid<strong>in</strong>g atresia. Thisquality will be then expressed after fertilization throughthe ability to support early embryo development and to<strong>in</strong>itiate embryonic genome transcriptional activity. Ofcourse, further experimental data are required to supportthis hypothesis.ReferencesAlm H, Torner H, Lohrke B, Viergutz T, Ghoneim IM, KanitzW, 2005: Bov<strong>in</strong>e blastocyst development rate <strong>in</strong> vitro is<strong>in</strong>fluenced by selection of oocytes by brilliant cresyl bluesta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g before IVM as <strong>in</strong>dicator for glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase activity. Theriogenology 63, 2194–2205.Bettegowda A, Smith GW, 2007: Mechanisms of maternalmRNA regulation: implications for mammalian earlyembryonic development. Front Biosci 12, 3713–3726.Bettegowda A, Yao J, Sen A, Li Q, Lee K-B, Kobayashi Y,Patel OV, Coussens PM, Ireland JJ, Smith GW, 2007: JY-1,an oocyte-specific gene, regulates granulosa cell functionand early embryonic development <strong>in</strong> cattle. In: Proceed<strong>in</strong>gsof the National Academy of Sciences, %R 10.1073/pnas.0706383104, 0706383104.Blond<strong>in</strong> P, Sirard MA, 1995: Oocyte and follicularmorphology as determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g characteristics for developmentalcompetence <strong>in</strong> bov<strong>in</strong>e oocytes. Mol Reprod Dev41, 54–62.Blond<strong>in</strong> P, Bousquet D, Twagiramungu H, Barnes F, SirardMA, 2002: Manipulation of follicular development toproduce developmentally competent bov<strong>in</strong>e oocytes. 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Mol ReprodDev 46, 208–215.Feng WG, Sui HS, Han ZB, Chang ZL, Zhou P, Liu DJ, BaoS, Tan JH, 2007: Effects of follicular atresia and size on thedevelopmental competence of bov<strong>in</strong>e oocytes: a study us<strong>in</strong>gthe well-<strong>in</strong>-drop culture system. Theriogenology 67, 1339–1350.Husse<strong>in</strong> TS, Froiland DA, Amato F, Thompson JG,Gilchrist RB, 2005: Oocytes prevent cumulus cellapoptosis by ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a morphogenic paracr<strong>in</strong>e gradientof bone morphogenetic prote<strong>in</strong>s. J Cell Sci 118, 5257–5268.Ikeda S, Imai H, Yamada M, 2003: Apoptosis <strong>in</strong> cumulus cellsdur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> vitro maturation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cumulus-enclosedoocytes. <strong>Reproduction</strong> 125, 369–376.Khatir H, Lonergan P, Carolan C, Mermillod P, 1996:Prepubertal bov<strong>in</strong>e oocyte: a negative model for study<strong>in</strong>goocyte developmental competence. Mol Reprod Dev 45,231–239.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
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Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 64, 315–325.Lonergan P, Monaghan P, Rizos D, Boland MP, Gordon I,1994: Effect of follicle size on bov<strong>in</strong>e oocyte quality anddevelopmental competence follow<strong>in</strong>g maturation, fertilization,and culture <strong>in</strong> vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 37, 48–53.Lonergan P, Khatir H, Carolan C, Mermillod P, 1997: Bov<strong>in</strong>eblastocyst production <strong>in</strong> vitro after <strong>in</strong>hibition of oocytemeiotic resumption for 24 h. J Reprod Fertil 109, 355–365.Lonergan P, D<strong>in</strong>nyes A, Fair T, Yang X, Boland M, 2000:Bov<strong>in</strong>e oocyte and embryo development follow<strong>in</strong>g meiotic<strong>in</strong>hibition with butyrolactone I. Mol Reprod Dev 57, 204–209.Machatkova M, Krausova K, Jokesova E, Tomanek M, 2004:Developmental competence of bov<strong>in</strong>e oocytes: effects offollicle size and the phase of follicular wave on <strong>in</strong> vitroembryo production. Theriogenology 61, 329–335.Marchal R, Vigneron C, Perreau C, Bali-Papp A, MermillodP, 2002: Effect of follicular size on meiotic and developmentalcompetence of porc<strong>in</strong>e oocytes. Theriogenology 57,1523–1532.McNatty KP, Juengel JL, Wilson T, Galloway SM, Davis GH,2001: Genetic mutations <strong>in</strong>fluenc<strong>in</strong>g ovulation rate <strong>in</strong> sheep.Reprod Fertil Dev 13, 549–555.McNatty KP, Smith P, Moore LG, Reader K, Lun S,Hanrahan JP, Groome NP, Lait<strong>in</strong>en M, Ritvos O, JuengelJL, 2005: Oocyte-expressed genes affect<strong>in</strong>g ovulation rate.Mol Cell Endocr<strong>in</strong>ol 234, 57–66.Mermillod P, Oussaid B, Cognie Y, 1999: Aspects of follicularand oocyte maturation that affect the developmentalpotential of embryos. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 54, 449–460.Mermillod P, Tomanek M, Marchal R, Meijer L, 2000: Highdevelopmental competence of cattle oocytes ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed atthe germ<strong>in</strong>al vesicle stage for 24 hours <strong>in</strong> culture by specific<strong>in</strong>hibition of MPF k<strong>in</strong>ase activity. Mol Reprod Dev 55, 89–95.M<strong>in</strong>ami N, Suzuki T, Tsukamoto S, 2007: Zygotic geneactivation and maternal factors <strong>in</strong> mammals. J Reprod Dev53, 707–715.Mulsant P, Lecerf F, Fabre S, Schibler L, Monget P, LannelucI, Pisselet C, Riquet J, Monniaux D, Callebaut I, Cribiu E,Thimonier J, Teyssier J, Bod<strong>in</strong> L, Cognie Y, Chitour N,Elsen JM, 2001: Mutation <strong>in</strong> bone morphogenetic prote<strong>in</strong>receptor-IB is associated with <strong>in</strong>creased ovulation rate <strong>in</strong>Booroola Mer<strong>in</strong>o ewes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 5104–5109.Murchison EP, Ste<strong>in</strong> P, Xuan Z, Pan H, Zhang MQ, SchultzRM, Hannon GJ, 2007: Critical roles for Dicer <strong>in</strong> the femalegerml<strong>in</strong>e. Genes Dev 21, 682–693.O’Callaghan D, Yaakub H, Hyttel P, Spicer LJ, Boland MP,2000: Effect of nutrition and superovulation on oocytemorphology, follicular fluid composition and systemichormone concentrations <strong>in</strong> ewes. J Reprod Fertil 118,303–313.Oussaid B, Lonergan P, Khatir H, Guler A, Monniaux D,Touze JL, Beckers JF, Cognie Y, Mermillod P, 2000: Effectof GnRH antagonist-<strong>in</strong>duced prolonged follicular phase onfollicular atresia and oocyte developmental competence<strong>in</strong> vitro <strong>in</strong> superovulated heifers. J Reprod Fertil 118, 137–144.Pangas SA, Rajkovic A, 2006: Transcriptional regulation ofearly oogenesis: <strong>in</strong> search of masters. 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Development 134,2593–2603.Tamassia M, Heyman Y, Lavergne Y, Richard C, Gel<strong>in</strong> V,Renard JP, Chastant-Maillard S, 2003: Evidence of oocytedonor cow effect over oocyte production and embryodevelopment <strong>in</strong> vitro. <strong>Reproduction</strong> 126, 629–637.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
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306 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X YangIn
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308 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X YangHo
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 310-
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312 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
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314 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
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316 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
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318 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
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320 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
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322 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 324-
- Page 334 and 335:
326 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
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328 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
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330 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
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332 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
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334 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
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336 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
- Page 346 and 347:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 338-
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340 D Rath and LA JohnsonCommercial
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342 D Rath and LA JohnsonThe Commer
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344 D Rath and LA JohnsonX- and Y-b
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346 D Rath and LA JohnsonWalker SK,
- Page 356 and 357: 348 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 358 and 359: 350 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 360 and 361: 352 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 362 and 363: 354 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
- Page 364 and 365: 356 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
- Page 366 and 367: 358 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
- Page 368 and 369: 360 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 370 and 371: 362 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 372 and 373: 364 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 374 and 375: 366 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
- Page 376 and 377: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 368-
- Page 378 and 379: 370 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilsp
- Page 380 and 381: 372 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilme
- Page 382 and 383: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 374-
- Page 384 and 385: 376 GC AlthouseTable 1. Potential s
- Page 386 and 387: 378 GC Althousesemen to the domesti
- Page 388 and 389: 380 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
- Page 390 and 391: 382 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
- Page 392 and 393: 384 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
- Page 394 and 395: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 386-
- Page 396 and 397: 388 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannFig.
- Page 398 and 399: 390 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannMMPs
- Page 400 and 401: 392 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannTado
- Page 402 and 403: 394 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 404 and 405: 396 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 408 and 409: 400 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
- Page 410 and 411: 402 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 412 and 413: 404 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 414 and 415: 406 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
- Page 416 and 417: 408 B ObackNumber of publications20
- Page 418 and 419: 410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
- Page 420 and 421: 412 B Obackstudies have shown that
- Page 422 and 423: 414 B ObackFig. 4. Climbing mount e
- Page 424 and 425: 416 B ObackRenard JP, Maruotti J, J
- Page 426 and 427: 418 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 428 and 429: 420 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 430 and 431: 422 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
- Page 434: Table of Contents Volume 43 · Supp