Reproduction in Domestic Animals

More documents

Recommendations

Info

$(Microsoft PowerPoint - Lecci\363n 2_07.ppt)$

30 JEP Santos, TR Bilby, WW Thatcher, CR Staples and FT Silvestresynthase-2 and phospholipase-A2 in bovine endometrialcells. Biol Reprod 69, 780–787.Mattos R, Staples CR, Arteche A, Wiltbank MC, Diaz FJ,Jenkins TC, Thatcher WW, 2004: The effects of feeding fishoil on uterine secretion of PGF 2a , milk composition, andmetabolic status of periparturient Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci87, 921–932.McEvoy TG, Coull GD, Broadbent PJ, Hutchinson JSM,Speake BK, 2000: Fatty acid composition of lipids inimmature cattle, pig and sheep oocytes with intact zonapellucida. J Reprod Fertil 118, 163–170.McNamara S, Butler T, Ryan DP, Mee JF, Dillon P, O’MaraFP, Butler ST, Anglese D, Rath M, Murphy JJ, 2003: Effectof offering rumen-protected fat supplements on fertility andperformance in spring-calving Holstein–Friesian cows.Anim Reprod Sci 79, 45–56.Moussavi AR, Gilbert RO, Overton TR, Bauman DE, ButlerWR, 2007: Effects of feeding fish meal and n-3 fatty acids onovarian and uterine responses in early lactating dairy cows.J Dairy Sci 90, 145–154.Oldick BS, Staples CR, Thatcher WW, Gyawu P, 1997:Abomasal infusion of glucose and fat-effect on digestion,production, and ovarian and uterine function of cows. JDairy Sci 80, 1315–1328.Petit HV, Twagiramungu H, 2006: Conception rate andreproductive function of dairy cows fed different fat sources.Theriogenology 66, 1316–1324.Petit HV, Germiquet C, Lebel D, 2004: Effect of feedingwhole, unprocessed sunflower seeds and flaxseed on milkproduction, milk composition, and prostaglandin secretionin dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 87, 3889–3898.Robinson RS, Pushpakumara PGA, Cheng Z, Peters AR,Abayasekara DEE, Wathes DC, 2002: Effects of dietarypolyunsaturated fatty acids on ovarian and uterine functionin lactating dairy cows. Reproduction 124, 119–131.Ryan DP, Spoon RA, Williams GL, 1992: Ovarian follicularcharacteristics, embryo recovery, and embryo viability inheifers fed high fat diets and treated with follicle-stimulatinghormone. J Anim Sci 70, 3505–3513.Schingoethe DJ, Casper DP, 1991: Total lactational responseto added fat during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 74, 2617–2622.Schneider P, Sklan D, Chalupa W, Kronfeld DS, 1988:Feeding calcium salts of fatty acids to lactating cows. JDairy Sci 71, 2143–2150.Scott TA, Shaver RD, Zepeda L, Yandell B, Smith TR, 1995:Effects of rumen-inert fat on lactation, reproduction, andhealth of high producing Holstein herds. J Dairy Sci 78,2435–2451.Sklan D, Moallem U, Folman Y, 1991: Effect of feedingcalcium soaps of fatty acids on production and reproductiveresponses in high producing lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 74,510–517.Sklan D, Kaim M, Moallem U, Folman Y, 1994: Effect ofdietary calcium soaps on milk yield, body weight, reproductivehormones, and fertility in first parity and older cows.J Dairy Sci 77, 1652–1660.Son J, Grant RJ, Larson LL, 1996: Effects of tallow and escapeprotein on lactational and reproductive performance ofdairy cows. J Dairy Sci 79, 822–830.Spicer LJ, Vernon RK, Tucker WB, Wettemann RP, HogueJF, Adams GD, 1993: Effects of inert fat on energy balance,plasma concentrations of hormones, and reproduction indairy cows. J Dairy Sci 76, 2664–2673.Staples CR, Thatcher WW, 2005: Effects of fatty acids onreproduction of dairy cows. In: Garnsworthy PC, WisemanJ(eds), Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. NottinghamUniversity Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 229–256.Staples CR, Burke JM, Thatcher WW, 1998: Influence ofsupplemental fats on reproductive tissues and performanceof lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 81, 856–871.Staples CR, Wiltbank MC, Grummer RR, Guenther J, SartoriR, Diaz FJ, Bertics S, Mattos R, Thatcher WW, 2000: Effectof long chain fatty acids on lactation performance andreproductive tissues of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 83(Suppl.1), 278 (Abstr.)Thangavelu G, Colazo MG, Ambrose DJ, Oba M, Okine EK,Dyck MK, 2007: Diets enriched in unsaturated fatty acidsenhance early embryonic development in lactating Holsteincows. Theriogenology 68, 949–957.Thomas MG, Williams GL, 1996: Metabolic hormone secretionand FSH-induced superovulatory responses of beefheifers fed dietary supplements containing predominantlysaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Theriogenology45, 451–458.Williams GL, 1989: Modulation of luteal activity in postpartumbeef cows through changes in dietary lipid. J AnimSci 67, 785–793.Zeron Y, Ocheretny A, Kedar O, Borochov A, Sklan D, AravA, 2001: Seasonal changes in bovine fertility: relation todevelopmental competence of oocytes, membrane propertiesand fatty acid composition of follicles. Reproduction 121,447–454.Zeron Y, Sklan D, Arav A, 2002: Effect of polyunsaturated fattyacid supplementation on biophysical parameters and chillingsensitivity of ewe oocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 61, 271–278.Author’s address (for correspondence): JEP Santos, LE ‘‘Red’’ LassonBuilding, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida,Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA. E-mail: jepsantos@ufl.eduConflict of interest: All authors declare no conflict of interests.Ó 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 31–39 (2008); doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01140.xISSN 0936-6768Functional Differences in the Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor Axisin Cattle and Pigs: Implications for Post-partum Nutrition and ReproductionMC LucyDivision of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USAContentsGrowth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) control growth and lactation in cattle and swine.Insulin participates in the endocrinology of growth andlactation because insulin and GH are antagonistic in theiractions. Dairy cows experience a period of negative energybalance during the first 4–8 weeks post-partum. During thisperiod, their somatotropic axis (comprised of GH, the GHreceptor and IGF-I) becomes uncoupled and there is elevatedGH and diminished IGF-I in the circulation. Blood insulinconcentrations are low as well. Sows are different from dairycows because their somatotropic axis remains coupled duringlactation and both GH and IGF-I are elevated. Nonetheless,sows that become catabolic during lactation will havereduced IGF-I concentrations. Sows are inseminated afterweaning so their metabolic state is different from post-partumbeef and dairy cows that are inseminated when they arelactating. Dairy cows are fed ad libitum and naturally havelow IGF-I during lactation. Sows have elevated IGF-I whenthey are well-fed. A threshold of IGF-I protein in follicularfluid may be met by local ovarian (paracrine ⁄ autocrine) andendocrine sources of IGF-I. Nutritionally induced changes ininsulin and in liver IGF-I secretion that arise from perturbationsof the somatotropic axis have a direct effect on theovary through the endocrine actions of insulin and IGF-I.Sows and cows that are nutritionally compromised have lowconcentrations of insulin and IGF-I in their blood and thistheoretically reduces ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropins.Although sows are inseminated after weaning, thereappear to be carry-over effects of the previous lactation onthe ovarian follicular populations that develop after the sowis weaned. Understanding the mechanisms through whichmetabolic hormones control ovarian function may lead toimproved reproductive management of both pigs and cattlebecause lactation and post-partum reproduction are closelytied in both species.IntroductionGrowth hormone (GH) is a pituitary hormone thatcontrols growth and lactation. Insulin-like growthfactor-I (IGF-I) is released from liver in response toGH and is believed to control growth and lactation aswell (Renaville et al. 2002). There are a series of wellstudiedIGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) that inhibit IGFactivity (Le Roith et al. 2001). In addition to causingIGF-I release, GH antagonizes insulin action (Ethertonand Bauman 1998). Antagonizing the actions of insulinhas a nutrient partitioning effect through which thedevelopment of lean tissue and the production of milkare favoured. A complete understanding of nutrientpartitioning during growth, lactation and reproductiontypically involves an appreciation of GH, IGF-I, IGFBPand insulin because collectively they act on the individualanimal (Chagas et al. 2007).Reproductive events are controlled primarily bygonadotropins (LH and FSH). Growth hormone,IGF-I and insulin can promote gonadotropin actionby potentiating gonadotropin receptor function (Webbet al. 2004; Scaramuzzi et al. 2006). Each hormone canalso act directly through their respective hormonereceptors on the ovary. Metabolic events such aslactation, therefore, are tied to reproductive eventsthrough a hormonal link that involves GH, IGF-I andinsulin. Although not the primary focus of this review,additional metabolic hormones including leptin andadiponectin should be considered when nutrition, reproductionand lactation are discussed.The comparison of cattle and swine is interesting andworthwhile because it may give insights into underlyingbiological mechanisms through which lactation andreproduction are linked. Beef and dairy cattle aredistinctly different in terms of lactation and nutrientpartitioning. The underlying biology of GH, IGF-I andinsulin are different as well. In many respects, swine mayshare more similarities to beef cattle than dairy cattlebecause beef cattle and swine nurse their young.Machine milking systems for dairy cows were neverintended to recapitulate the physiology or lactationcurve of the nursed mother.Cattle and swine are very different with respect to thecoincidence of lactation and post-partum breeding(insemination). Post-partum beef and dairy cattle areinseminated while they are lactating. Post-partum swine,however, are inseminated after weaning. Although bothcattle and swine share common physiology with regardto the local actions of GH, IGF-I, IGFBP and insulinon the ovary, breeding a weaned animal compared witha lactating animal represents a distinct physiologicaldifference, particularly when metabolic hormones areconsidered. This review will examine the somatotropicaxis within cattle and swine during lactation andsubsequent changes in the axis after weaning. Implicationsfor reproduction will be examined with an eyetoward understanding nutrition and reproduction collectively.The Somatotropic Axis in Post-partum CattleDairy cows are well-known for the period of negativeenergy balance that they experience during the first 4–8 weeks post-partum (Drackley 1999). This period ofnegative energy balance is caused by the tremendouscapacity of the mammary gland to sequester nutrientsand synthesize milk. Cows cannot consume enough feedto meet the energy demands for milk production so theyenter into a negative energy balance. Negative energyÓ 2008 The Author. Journal compilation Ó 2008 Blackwell Verlag
Page 2 and 3: Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsOff
Page 5 and 6: Reproductionin Domestic AnimalsTabl
Page 7 and 8: Minitüb:ProductsforArtificial Inse
Page 9 and 10: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 1-7
Page 11 and 12: Embryo Biotechnologies in Farm Anim
Page 17 and 18: Ethical Models for Studying Reprodu
Page 25 and 26: Dietary Pollutants as Risk Factors
Page 31 and 32: Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Supp. 2), 23-30
Page 33 and 34: Factors Influencing Reproduction in
Page 35 and 36: Factors Influencing Reproduction in
Page 37: Factors Influencing Reproduction in
Page 41 and 42: GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 33h
Page 43 and 44: GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 35h
Page 45 and 46: GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 37B
Page 47: GH and IGF-I in Cattle and Pigs 39R
Page 51 and 52: Seasonality of Reproduction in Mamm
Page 57 and 58: Dominant Follicle Selection in Cows
Page 67 and 68: Regulation of Luteal Function 59and
Page 69 and 70: Regulation of Luteal Function 61bov
Page 71 and 72: Regulation of Luteal Function 63(+/
Page 73 and 74: Regulation of Luteal Function 65sys
Page 75 and 76: Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in Sou
Page 83 and 84: Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
Page 89 and 90:
Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones
Page 91 and 92:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 83-8
Page 93 and 94:
Biotechnology Methods for Preservin
Page 95 and 96:
Biotechnology Methods for Preservin
Page 97 and 98:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 89-9
Page 99 and 100:
Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Re
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Nutrient Prioritization and Fertili
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
CL-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 113-
Page 123 and 124:
Reproductive Status Assessed by Mil
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Nutritional Interactions and Reprod
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Developmental Capabilities of Prepu
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Reproductive Physiology, Pathology
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Reproduction of Domestic Ferret 151
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Canine Anoestrus, Oestrous Inductio
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
The Ethics and Role of AI in Dogs 1
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Control of Fertility in Females by
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Controlling Animal Populations Usin
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assist
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Farm Animals Embryonic Stem Cells 1
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Reproduction in Domestic Buffalo 20
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Sout
Page 219 and 220:
Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Sout
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Mother-Offspring Interactions 215an
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Reproduction Augmentation in Yak an
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Follicles and Mares 2251982). Simil
Page 235 and 236:
Follicles and Mares 227Studies invo
Page 237 and 238:
Follicles and Mares 229dominant fol
Page 239 and 240:
Follicles and Mares 231trus, spring
Page 241 and 242:
Proteins in Early Equine Conceptuse
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Follicular and Oocyte Competence un
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Fertilization in the Porcine Fallop
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Embryo ⁄ Foetal Losses in Ruminan
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Death Ligand and Receptor Pig Ovari
Page 279 and 280:
Death Ligand and Receptor Pig Ovari
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283:
Lactocrine Programming of Uterine D
Page 286 and 287:
278 FF Bartol, AA Wiley and CA Bagn
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
282 KC Caires, JA Schmidt, AP Olive
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
290 I Dobrinskisuccessful also betw
Page 300 and 301:
292 I DobrinskiCreemers LB, Meng X,
Page 302 and 303:
294 I DobrinskiOkutsu T, Suzuki K,
Page 304 and 305:
296 N Rawlings, ACO Evans, RK Chand
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
304 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X Yanggr
Page 314 and 315:
306 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X YangIn
Page 316 and 317:
308 A Dinnyes, XC Tian and X YangHo
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
312 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
318 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
326 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
332 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
340 D Rath and LA JohnsonCommercial
Page 350 and 351:
342 D Rath and LA JohnsonThe Commer
Page 352 and 353:
344 D Rath and LA JohnsonX- and Y-b
Page 354 and 355:
346 D Rath and LA JohnsonWalker SK,
Page 356 and 357:
348 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
356 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
Page 366 and 367:
358 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
Page 368 and 369:
360 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
370 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilsp
Page 380 and 381:
372 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilme
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
376 GC AlthouseTable 1. Potential s
Page 386 and 387:
378 GC Althousesemen to the domesti
Page 388 and 389:
380 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
388 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannFig.
Page 398 and 399:
390 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannMMPs
Page 400 and 401:
392 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannTado
Page 402 and 403:
394 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
402 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
408 B ObackNumber of publications20
Page 418 and 419:
410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
Page 420 and 421:
412 B Obackstudies have shown that
Page 422 and 423:
414 B ObackFig. 4. Climbing mount e
Page 424 and 425:
416 B ObackRenard JP, Maruotti J, J
Page 426 and 427:
418 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 434:
Table of Contents Volume 43 · Supp
show all

Reproduction in Domestic Animals

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?