100 JLMR Leroy, T Vanholder, ATM Van Knegsel, I Garcia-Ispierto and PEJ BolsIt is speculated that changes <strong>in</strong> management are morelikely to have a positive effect on EB. Shorten<strong>in</strong>g or evenskipp<strong>in</strong>g the dry period improves dry matter <strong>in</strong>takeperipartum, reduces milk production <strong>in</strong> early lactation,improves energy balance and reduces the number ofdays postpartum till resumption of ovarian activity(Gumen et al. 2005; Rastani et al. 2005).Besides this, grow<strong>in</strong>g attention is be<strong>in</strong>g paid to dietaryfatty acid content and composition provided by supplementedby-pass fats dur<strong>in</strong>g the early postpartum period.Not the effect on energy balance as such but improvedsteroid secretion and alteration of the fatty acid profile(more x-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids), result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>modified prostagland<strong>in</strong> metabolism (Thatcher et al.2006). Suppression of milk fat synthesis by supplementationof rumen-protected conjugated l<strong>in</strong>oleic acids(trans-10, cis-12) has been suggested to restrict energyloss through milk (Castaneda-Gutierrez et al. 2005).Yet, <strong>in</strong> spite of several recent <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g papers, theoutcome on energy balance and fertility are equivocal.An extensive description and clear overview of nutritionalstrategies support<strong>in</strong>g the metabolic demandsdur<strong>in</strong>g the transition period are given by Overton andWaldron (2004) and are beyond the scope of the presentpaper.F<strong>in</strong>ally, genetic selection programmes <strong>in</strong> the dairy<strong>in</strong>dustry have emphasized milk production traits byun<strong>in</strong>tended mobilization of cow body reserves. This loss<strong>in</strong> BCS is not only dependent on the available mass ofadipose tissue but also on a genetically determ<strong>in</strong>ed setpo<strong>in</strong>tfor BCS. This set-po<strong>in</strong>t is correlated with reproductiveoutcome (Lucy 2007). Therefore, not onlyfertility traits as such (Royal et al. 2000), but alsovariables compris<strong>in</strong>g changes <strong>in</strong> BCS early postpartumshould be <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> genetic selection criteria.ConclusionsIntense selection for milk production has resulted <strong>in</strong> animmense priority for the high-produc<strong>in</strong>g dairy cow topartition energy to milk, at the cost of body reserves.This has resulted <strong>in</strong> excessive NEB and poor reproductiveperformance. Thus, milk production and reproductiveperformance have conflict<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>in</strong>high-produc<strong>in</strong>g dairy cows. Metabolites and metabolichormones associated with energy prioritiz<strong>in</strong>g for milkproduction (NEFA, <strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong>, glucose, IGF-1, b-OH)<strong>in</strong>fluence fertility, <strong>in</strong>directly by modulat<strong>in</strong>g the somatotropic⁄ gonadotropic axis, as well as directly at theovary, follicle or uter<strong>in</strong>e environment. Strict follow-upperipartum to monitor health and BCS loss and directtreatment of (<strong>in</strong>fectious or metabolic) disorders <strong>in</strong> earlylactation will limit fertility disorders postpartum. Furthermore,a series of promis<strong>in</strong>g management, geneticselection and nutritional strategies have been proposed,which have the potential to shift the somatotropic axisprioritiz<strong>in</strong>g energy partition<strong>in</strong>g of milk to a somatotropicaxis with an <strong>in</strong>creased priority for body reserves toimprove fertility. Yet, research <strong>in</strong> this area is limited.Explor<strong>in</strong>g such strategies, compar<strong>in</strong>g their benefit oreven comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g two or more strategies is an extremely<strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g area of research, and essential to improvehealth and welfare of the modern dairy cow.ReferencesAmstalden M, Harms PG, Welsh TH Jr, Randel RD, WilliamsGL, 2005: Effects of lept<strong>in</strong> on gonadotrop<strong>in</strong>-releas<strong>in</strong>ghormone release from hypothalamic-<strong>in</strong>fundibular explantsand gonadotrop<strong>in</strong> release from adenohypophyseal primarycell cultures: further evidence that fully nourished cattle areresistant to lept<strong>in</strong>. Anim Reprod Sci 85, 41–52.Armstrong DG, Baxter G, Hogg CO, Woad KJ, 2002a:Insul<strong>in</strong>-like growth factor (IGF) system <strong>in</strong> the oocyte andsomatic cells of bov<strong>in</strong>e preantral follicles. <strong>Reproduction</strong> 123,789–797.Beam SW, Butler WR, 1997: Energy balance and ovarianfollicle development prior to first ovulation postpartum <strong>in</strong>dairy cows receiv<strong>in</strong>g three levels of dietary fat. Biol Reprod56, 133–142.Beam SW, Butler WR, 1999: Effects of energy balance onfollicular development and first ovulation <strong>in</strong> postpartumdairy cows. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 54, 411–424.Bilodeau-Goeseels S, 2006: Effect of culture media and energysources on the <strong>in</strong>hibition of nuclear maturation <strong>in</strong> bov<strong>in</strong>eoocytes. Theriogenology 66, 297–306.Bilodeau-Goeseels S, Kastelic JP, 2003: Factors affect<strong>in</strong>gembryo survival and strategies to reduce embryonic mortality<strong>in</strong> cattle. Can J Anim Sci 83, 659–671.Bilodeau-Goeseels S, Panich P, 2002: Effects of quality ondevelopment and transcriptional activity <strong>in</strong> early bov<strong>in</strong>eembryos. Anim Reprod Sci 71, 143–155.Blache D, Zhang S, Mart<strong>in</strong> GB, 2006: Dynamic and <strong>in</strong>tegrativeaspects of the regulation of reproduction by metabolicstatus <strong>in</strong> male sheep. 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CattlePract 7, 243–248.Dunne LD, Disk<strong>in</strong> MG, Boland MP, O’Farrell KJ, SreenanJM, 1999: The effect of pre- and post-<strong>in</strong>sem<strong>in</strong>ation plane ofnutrition on embryo survival <strong>in</strong> beef heifers. Anim Sci 69,411–417.Garcia-Ispierto I, Lopez-Gatius F, Bech-Sabat G, SantolariaP, Yaniz JL, Nogareda C, De Rensis F, Lopez-Bejar M,2007: Climate factors affect<strong>in</strong>g conception rate of highproduc<strong>in</strong>g dairy cows <strong>in</strong> north-eastern Spa<strong>in</strong>. Theriogenology67, 1379–1385.Garnsworthy PC, Topps JH, 1982: The effect of bodycondition score at calv<strong>in</strong>g on their food <strong>in</strong>take and performancewhen given complete diets. Anim Prod 35, 113–119.Gong JG, 2002: Influence of metabolic hormones and nutritionon ovarian follicle development <strong>in</strong> cattle: practicalimplications. Domest Anim Endocr<strong>in</strong>ol 23, 229–241.Grohn YT, Rajala-Schultz PJ, 2000: Epidemiology of reproductiveperformance <strong>in</strong> dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 60,605–614.Grummer RR, 2007: Strategies to improve fertility of highyield<strong>in</strong>g dairy farms: management of the dry period.Theriogenology 68, S281–S288.Gumen A, Rastani RR, Grummer RR, Wiltbank MC, 2005:Reduced dry periods and vary<strong>in</strong>g prepartum diets alterpostpartum ovulation and reproductive measures. J DairySci 88, 2401–2411.Gutierrez-Aguilar CG, 1997: The effect of nutrition andmetabolic hormones on follicular development <strong>in</strong> cattle.PhD Dissertation, University of Ed<strong>in</strong>burgh, pp. 146–166.Herdt TH, 2000: Rum<strong>in</strong>ant adaptation to negative energybalance. Vet Cl<strong>in</strong> North Am Food Anim Pract 16, 215–230.Huirne RBM, Saatkamp HW, Bergevoet RHM, 2002: Economicanalysis of common health problems <strong>in</strong> dairy cattle.In: Kaske M, Scholz H, Ho¨ ltersh<strong>in</strong>ken M(eds), TwelfthWorld Buiatrics Congress, Hannover, Germany, 18–23August 2002, pp. 420–431.Ichimaru T, Mori Y, Okamura H, 2001: A possible role ofneuropeptide Y as a mediator of undernutrition to thehypothalamic gonadotrop<strong>in</strong>-releas<strong>in</strong>g hormone pulse generator<strong>in</strong> goats. Endocr<strong>in</strong>ology 142, 2389–2498.Kacsoh B, 2000: Endocr<strong>in</strong>e Physiology. McGraw Hill BookCo., New York, NY.Kawashima C, Fukihara S, Maeda M, Kaneko E, MontoyaCA, Matsui M, Shimizu T, Matsunaga N, Kida K, MiyakeY, Schams D, Miyamoto A, 2007: Relationship betweenmetabolic hormones and ovulation of dom<strong>in</strong>ant follicledur<strong>in</strong>g the first follicular wave post-partum <strong>in</strong> high-produc<strong>in</strong>gdairy cows. <strong>Reproduction</strong> 133, 155–163.Kenny DA, Humpherson PG, Leese HJ, Morris DG, TomosAD, Disk<strong>in</strong> MG, Sreenan JM, 2002: Effect of elevatedsystemic concentrations of ammonia and urea on themetabolite and ionic composition of oviductal fluid <strong>in</strong>cattle. Biol Reprod 66, 1797–1804.Kruip TAM, Kemp B, 1999: Voed<strong>in</strong>g en vruchtbaarheid bijlandbouwhuisdieren. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 124, 462–467.Landau S, Braw-Tal R, Kaim M, Bor A, Bruckental I, 2000:Preovulatory follicular status and diet affect the <strong>in</strong>sul<strong>in</strong> andglucose content of follicles <strong>in</strong> high-yield<strong>in</strong>g dairy cows.Anim Reprod Sci 64, 181–197.Lequarre AS, Vigneron C, Ribaucour F, Holm P, Donnay I,Dalbies-Tran R, Callesen H, Mermillod P, 2005: Influenceof antral follicle size on oocyte characteristics and embryodevelopment <strong>in</strong> the bov<strong>in</strong>e. Theriogenology 63, 841–859.Leroy JLMR, Vanholder T, Delange JR, Opsomer G, VanSoom A, Bols PEJ, Dewulf J, de Kruif A, 2004: Metabolicchanges <strong>in</strong> follicular fluid of the dom<strong>in</strong>ant follicle <strong>in</strong> highyield<strong>in</strong>gdairy cows early post partum. Theriogenology 62,1131–1143.Leroy JLMR, Opsomer G, De Vliegher S, Vanholder T,Goossens L, Geldhof A, Bols PEJ, de Kruif A, Van SoomA, 2005a: Comparison of embryo quality <strong>in</strong> high-yield<strong>in</strong>gdairy cows, <strong>in</strong> dairy heifers and <strong>in</strong> beef cows. Theriogenology64, 2022–2036.Leroy JLMR, Vanholder T, Mateusen B, Christophe A,Opsomer G, de Kruif A, Genicot G, Van Soom A, 2005b:Non-esterified fatty acids <strong>in</strong> follicular fluid of dairy cowsand their effect on developmental capacity of bov<strong>in</strong>e oocytes<strong>in</strong> vitro. <strong>Reproduction</strong> 130, 485–495.Leroy JLMR, Vanholder T, Opsomer G, Van Soom A, deKruif A, 2006: The <strong>in</strong> vitro development of bov<strong>in</strong>e oocytesafter maturation <strong>in</strong> glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrationsassociated with negative energy balance <strong>in</strong> dairycows. Reprod Domest Anim 41, 119–123.Leroy JLMR, Opsomer G, Van Soom A, Goovaerts IGF, BolsPEJ, 2007: Reduced fertility <strong>in</strong> high yield<strong>in</strong>g dairy cows: arethe oocyte and embryo <strong>in</strong> danger? Part I: The importance ofnegative energy balance and altered corpus luteum functionto the reduction of oocyte and embryo quality <strong>in</strong> highyield<strong>in</strong>g dairy cows (review). Reprod Domest Anim, <strong>in</strong>press. DOI:10.1111/j.1439–0531.2007.00960.Liefers SC, Veerkamp RF, te Pas MFW, Delavaud C,Chilliard Y, van der Lende T, 2003: Lept<strong>in</strong> concentrations<strong>in</strong> relation to energy balance, milk yield, <strong>in</strong>take, live weightand estrus <strong>in</strong> dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 86, 799–807.Lopez H, Satter LD, Wiltbank MC, 2004: Relationshipbetween level of milk production and oestrus behavior oflactat<strong>in</strong>g dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 81, 209–223.Lozano JM, Lonergan P, Boland MP, O’Callaghan D, 2003:Influence of nutrition on the effectiveness of superovulationprogrammes <strong>in</strong> ewes: effect on oocyte quality andpost-fertilization development. <strong>Reproduction</strong> 125, 543–553.Lucy MC, 2001: Reproductive loss <strong>in</strong> high-produc<strong>in</strong>g dairycattle: where will it end? J Dairy Sci 84, 1277–1293.Lucy MC, 2003: Mechanisms l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g nutrition and reproduction<strong>in</strong> postpartum cows. Reprod Suppl. 61, 415–427.Lucy MC, 2007: Fertility <strong>in</strong> high-produc<strong>in</strong>g dairy cows:reasons for decl<strong>in</strong>e and corrective strategies for susta<strong>in</strong>ableimprovement. Reprod Suppl. 64, 237–254.Maedler K, Sp<strong>in</strong>as GA, Dyntar D, Moritz W, Kaiser N,Donath MY, 2001: Dist<strong>in</strong>ct effects of saturated and mono-Ó 2008 The Authors. 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314 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
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316 RC Bott, DT Clopton and AS Cupp
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318 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
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320 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
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322 BK Whitlock, JA Daniel, RR Wilb
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 324-
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326 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
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328 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
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330 CR Barb, GJ Hausman and CA Lent
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332 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
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334 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
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336 C Galli, I Lagutina, R Duchi, S
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 338-
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340 D Rath and LA JohnsonCommercial
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342 D Rath and LA JohnsonThe Commer
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344 D Rath and LA JohnsonX- and Y-b
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346 D Rath and LA JohnsonWalker SK,
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348 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
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350 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
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352 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
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354 JM Vazquez, J Roca, MA Gil, C C
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356 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
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358 CBA Whitelaw, SG Lillico and T
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360 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
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362 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
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364 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
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366 ACO Evans, N Forde, GM O’Gorm
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 368-
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370 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilsp
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372 JP Kastelic and JC Thundathilme
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 374-
- Page 384 and 385:
376 GC AlthouseTable 1. Potential s
- Page 386 and 387:
378 GC Althousesemen to the domesti
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380 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
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382 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
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384 B Leboeuf, JA Delgadillo, E Man
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Reprod Dom Anim 43 (Suppl. 2), 386-
- Page 396 and 397:
388 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannFig.
- Page 398 and 399:
390 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannMMPs
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392 N Kostereva and M-C HofmannTado
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394 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
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396 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
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398 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
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400 P Mermillod, R Dalbie` s-Tran,
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402 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
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404 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
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406 K Kikuchi, N Kashiwazaki, T Nag
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408 B ObackNumber of publications20
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410 B ObackReprogramming Ability of
- Page 420 and 421:
412 B Obackstudies have shown that
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414 B ObackFig. 4. Climbing mount e
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416 B ObackRenard JP, Maruotti J, J
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418 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
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420 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
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422 P Loi, K Matzukawa, G Ptak, Y N
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Table of Contents Volume 43 · Supp